Although TBI severity occurs along a continuum, it is commonly described in categorical terms. For example, clinical case definitions2,47 generally categorize TBI as mild or moderate-to-severe (ie, more-than-mild).

Similarly, clinical metrics like the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)48 and/or duration of post-traumatic amnesia (the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical peri-injury period during which there is a dense impairment in the ability to learn new information, including events following injury [anterograde amnesia] as well as those immediately preceding it [retrograde amnesia]49,50) often are used to assign TBI to a severity category, ie, mild, moderate, or severe51 or subdivisions thereof (Table III). 50,52-55 Table III. Classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity used in the Department of Veterans Affairs Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Concussion/mild Traumatic Brain injury (April, 2009), modified to include complicated … Post-traumatic amnesia durations ≤24 hours are consistent, with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a diagnosis of mild TBI (uncomplicated or complicated) whereas durations ≥24 hours suggest moderate-to-severe TBI2-4 – provided that other factors contributing to

or confounding assessment, of post-traumatic amnesia (eg, medications, other medical illnesses, substance withdrawal) do not better account for amnesia during this period. Recent, evidence,53 however, suggests that 1-year post-injury outcomes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (defined as percent returning to productive employment) among persons with more-than-mild injuries are defined more usefully by post-traumatic amnesia durations of 1 to 14 days (70%), 14 to 28 days (40%), and >28 days (20%). These findings support regarding initial TBI severity as a continuous variable and suggest further that describing it as such may inform more usefully on injury outcomes than does strict adherence to TBI severity categories.

In short, initial TBI severity is a substantial source of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical within-diagnosis heterogeneity. Additionally, there is heterogeneity selleck bio within the severity categories defined by Brefeldin_A GCS scores and/or post-traumatic amnesia duration, especially at, the mild and severe ends of the TBI spectrum. Acknowledging this heterogeneity is needed to better understand the variability in neuropsychiatric presentations and outcomes after TBI, and may inform on the types and timings of interventions designed to improve those outcomes. This latter issue will be considered further after a brief review of the neuropathophysiological heterogeneity of TBI. Neuropathophysiology of TBI When an external physical force, including acceleration/deceleration forces, is applied to the head, the brain is subjected to two types of forces within the intracranial vault: inertial and contact.