The clinical presentation of Bupleuri Radix-related syndromes includes feelings of fullness and discomfort in the chest and hypochondrium, a bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, depression, susceptibility to fright, upset, dreamfulness and other psychiatric symptoms. These are often accompanied by a red tongue, a thick and yellow coating, and a wiry, hard, and powerful pulse. In conjunction with formulas like Gualou Xiebai Decoction, Wendan Decoction, Zhizhu Pills, Juzhijiang Decoction, Suanzaoren Decoction, and Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction, this formula was found to have been applied.

A heavy and frequent occurrence of the cardiovascular disease arrhythmia negatively impacts China's public health sector. Approximately 20 million Chinese patients experience this affliction, undergoing pharmacological and surgical treatments for relief. While antiarrhythmic drugs may be prescribed, they can unfortunately lead to the development of arrhythmias, and surgical treatments are not without potential for failure and recurrence. Accordingly, the clinical results achieved in treating arrhythmia require further refinement. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) views arrhythmia, characterized by palpitation, as resulting from seven interconnected factors: liver qi depression and stagnation, the accumulation of turbid phlegm, an attack on the heart by excessive fluids, fire-heat disturbance within the heart, obstruction of heart vessels, cold congealing within the heart vessels, and a deficiency in Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang. This study, therefore, proposed seven distinct TCM arrhythmia syndromes, characterized by palpitations resulting from depression, phlegmatic accumulation, fluid retention, heat, blood stasis, cold, and deficiency. Treatment recommendations for palpitation included: Chaihu Longgu Muli Decoction for depression-based palpitation, Wendan Decoction for phlegm-based palpitation, Linggui Zhugan Decoction for fluid retention-based palpitation, Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction for fire-based palpitation, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction for blood stasis-based palpitation, and Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction for cold-based palpitation. Finally, Guizhi Gancao Decoction, Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Decoction, Huanglian Ejiao Decoction, Zhigancao Decoction, and Guipi Decoction are suggested for palpitation due to deficiencies in Qi, blood, Yin, or Yang. Multiple TCM formulas must be combined when a patient simultaneously presents with multiple syndromes. Guided by the principles of formula-syndrome correspondence and treatment strategies considering both pathogenesis and pathology, as well as herbal properties and pharmacology, this study developed an integrated 'pathogenesis-pathology-nature-pharmacology' treatment model to improve the clinical outcomes of traditional herbal formulas in treating arrhythmia.

Maxing Shigan Decoction, when paired with Xiao Chaihu Decoction, constitutes a venerable, time-tested herbal formula. Based on the principles laid down in ZHANG Zhong-jing's Treatise on Cold Damage (Shang Han Lun), each of these statements is formulated. This combination brings about the effects of harmonizing lesser yang, relieving exterior syndrome, clearing lung heat, and alleviating panting. This remedy is predominantly used to treat illnesses involving the triple-Yang combination, characterized by a buildup of pathogenic heat in the lungs. Maxing Shigan Decoction, in concert with Xiao Chaihu Decoction, is a traditional treatment option for external illnesses implicating the triple-Yang. In northern China, these are prevalent treatments for exogenous illnesses. Median speed This combination of treatments is the foremost strategy for managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases that include fever and cough. Maxing Shigan Decoction, a tried and true herbal formula, is a standard treatment for the obstructing lung syndrome caused by phlegm-heat. SecinH3 Shortness of breath following profuse sweating points to a potential accumulation of pathogenic heat affecting the lungs. Cough and asthma, accompanied by forehead perspiration, may affect patients with mild symptoms; severe cases may display widespread perspiration, particularly over the front of the chest. Modern medicine posits a link between the aforementioned circumstance and a pulmonary infection. 'Mild fever' is a clinical descriptor focused on symptom complexes, not the mechanisms causing them. The mildness of the apparent symptoms does not diminish the fact that severe heat damage and inflammation are present. The following are the indications associated with the simultaneous employment of Xiao Chaihu Decoction and Maxing Shigan Decoction. The treatment is suitable for the management of viral pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, COVID-19 infection, measles complicated by pneumonia, SARS, avian influenza, H1N1 influenza, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pertussis, and other influenza and pneumonia-related illnesses. This therapeutic approach can be utilized for patients experiencing the combined effects of bitter mouth, dry throat, vertigo, loss of appetite, irritability, vomiting, and a feeling of fullness and discomfort in the chest and hypochondrium. Proliferation and Cytotoxicity This therapeutic approach is suitable for addressing alternating episodes of chills and fever, diverse degrees of febrile conditions, as well as chest congestion, coughing, asthma, expectoration, dry mouth, a longing for cool drinks, restlessness, profuse sweating, yellow urine, dry, hard stools, a red tongue, yellow or white coating, and a strong, floating pulse, particularly within the right radial artery.

During the Han dynasty, Zhang Zhong-jing, an outstanding physician, recorded the Zhenwu Decoction in his Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Edema originating from yang deficiency finds Zhenwu Decoction as its primary remedy, utilizing its capacity to warm the yang, transform the Qi, and facilitate urination. Research into severe and critical cases, complemented by analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms, highlights the accuracy of Zhenwu Decoction's description in Treatise on Febrile Diseases regarding the clinical presentation and therapeutic strategy for acute heart failure. The syndrome this formula addresses might be a consequence of misdiagnoses and improper treatments. The inherent difficulty in distinguishing cardiogenic dyspnea from pulmonary dyspnea may lead to the improper use of high Ephedrae Herba doses to induce sweating. A consequence of this improper use could be the acute worsening of heart failure, electrolyte imbalances, and pulmonary infections. A lack of experience in treating acute heart failure among ancient physicians is made evident by examining the specific syndrome addressed by Zhenwu Decoction. The clinical expression of heart failure, an advancement of trembling and shaking, can sometimes manifest as trembling and shivering, and might be treated with Linggui Zhugan Decoction. Zhenwu Decoction's therapeutic range includes the treatment of acute or chronic heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and situations where diuretic therapy meets resistance. This decoction's efficacy is particularly pronounced in the treatment of whole heart failure, acute heart failure, heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure displaying the syndrome of cold and dampness. Moreover, this can be utilized in the treatment of both type and type cardiorenal syndrome. Zhenwu Decoction's therapeutic scope encompasses symptoms like constricted chest, rapid heartbeat, leg swelling, urination difficulties or increased urinary output, cold intolerance, a pale tongue bearing dental marks, a white and slimy tongue coating, and a pulse that is either slow or deep. Pharmacologically, Zhenwu Decoction's approach to heart failure treatment centers on the principles of promoting urination, expanding blood vessels, and invigorating the heart, as elucidated by modern medical science. Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praparata, the most important herb in the recipe, is to be dosed at 30 to 60 grams. While high doses of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praparata can trigger arrhythmia, it is essential to use it judiciously. Following the treatment, supportive remedies such as Zhenwu Decoction, Shenqi Pills, Renshen Decoction, Wuling Powder, and Fangji Huangqi Decoction are helpful, boosting the spleen, fortifying Qi, warming Yang, and encouraging urination. Yang reinforcement, utilized as the last therapeutic option in critically ill patients, was considered only when presented with unclear clinical histories and an absence of other medical conditions, thereby demanding objective treatment analysis.

Distal bleeding is treated using Huangtu Decoction, a remedy first detailed in ZHANG Zhong-jing's Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui Yao Lue) during the Han dynasty. This treatment is mainly focused on the blood sugar control dysfunction resulting from spleen-yang deficiency. The broader implications of distal bleeding encompass a wider range of conditions, including not only traditional upper gastrointestinal bleeding, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal neoplasms, gastric mucosal abnormalities, vascular malformations, esophageal and gastric variceal hemorrhage, and pancreatic and biliary tract damage, but also a spectrum of anorectal ailments like colonic and rectal cancers, tumors, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, along with bleeding from other sites, including nosebleeds, low platelet counts, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, threatened miscarriage, and unexplained blood in the urine. Distal bleeding is also associated with syndromes where the body struggles to retain heat and fluids internally, including nocturia, enuresis, a runny nose, perspiration, cold tears, and leucorrhea, and with excessive gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications, unexplained positive results on fecal occult blood tests, and other newly emerging clinical issues. The range of conditions addressed by Huangtu Decoction in traditional Chinese medicine extends beyond lower blood, pre-blood defecation, distant blood, hematemesis, epistaxis, and similar ailments, encompassing three clinical presentations: bleeding conditions, deficiency patterns, and syndromes of stagnant heat.