As an example, when the extractable solids of the actinomycete CA2, representing each organic solvent were subjected to antimicrobial activity test, the chloroform extract showed the greatest biological activity with the ethyl acetate extract closely behind. The extracts of the other actinomycetes showed a similar profile (not shown). Overall, it appears that the bioactive component(s) have

mostly a lipophilic profile, given their organic solvent preference (Table 2). Culture-dependent studies on sponge-associated actinomycetes (Montalvo et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2007) and marine sediments (Mincer et al., 2002) show that novel Actinobacteria members can be isolated using various isolation media as well as low nutrient media (Jensen et selleck products al., 2005). The presence of novel Actinobacteria members in corals might represent an unexplored resource for pharmaceutical drug discovery. Actinomycetes KU-60019 cell line present in the coral A. digitifera may have a diverse array of antibacterial compounds. This is evident from the different antibiotic activity pattern exhibited by the isolated actinomycetes. Some strains showed antibacterial activity only towards the Gram-positive pathogen S. aureus (CA1, CA8 and CA14). A few strains showed antibacterial activity towards only

Gram-negative pathogens (CA2 and CA4) and a few strains showed antibacterial activity against all the pathogens (CA5, CA7, CA10, CA15 and CA18) (Table 1). Contrary to our study, Shnit-Orland & Kushmaro (2009) report that Actinobacteria Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase members namely Micrococcus sp. and Arthrobacter sp. isolated from three different

corals did not show any antibacterial activity against any of the tested pathogens. Actinomycetales and Bacillales are responsible for almost 50% of the known bioactive microbial metabolites discovered to date, including many well-known antibiotics (Berdy, 2005). The isolated actinomycetes showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. As the results of the extractable solids of the actinomycetes show that the chloroform extract has the greatest biological activity with the n-butanol extract closely behind, it appears that the bioactive component(s) are mostly lipophilic in nature, given their organic solvent preference. Several studies have reported the isolation of novel marine actinomycetes (Jensen et al., 2005) producing bioactive compounds. As it has been shown earlier that mucus from healthy coral harbours bacteria capable of producing antibiotics (Ritchie, 2006), we envisage that coral mucus can be targeted for isolation of actinomycetes with bioactive properties. Within the Actinomycetales, the genus Streptomyces represents the most frequent producers of antibiotic agents (Wiese et al., 2009).