pseudintermedius EXI. Significant homology was detected with these known ETs (38.4–70.4% identity), particularly with SHETB (70.4%), ETD (66.1%) and EXI (56.9%). In addition, the predicted amino acid sequence of the orf possessed the conserved catalytic triad, His-99 (H), Asp-147 (D) and Ser-221 (S), which is known to comprise the active site of S. aureus ETA, ETB and ETD needed to digest Dsg1 (Fig. 1) (Hanakawa et al., 2004). Phylogenic analysis of the ETs revealed that the orf was most similar to SHETB in its primary structure (Fig. 2). To investigate whether

the novel orf gene product conferred exfoliative toxicity in canine skin, purified recombinant protein of the orf product (new ORF) or PBS was injected into the skin of three healthy Beagles. Macroscopically, the novel ORF protein induced skin exfoliation at 24 h postinjection, whereas no selleck inhibitor PLX3397 apparent changes were observed with PBS alone (Fig. 3a and b). The injection site was evaluated histopathologically 12 h after injection. Intraepidermal splitting at the level of the granular layer was observed at the site of injection of the new ORF protein, while no changes were observed at the PBS injection site (Fig. 3c and d). Splitting was also observed in the granular layer of the follicular

infundibulum (data not shown). To determine the effect of the new ORF protein on Dsg1 in canine skin, immunofluorescence analysis of Dsg1 and Dsg3 was performed using cryosections of the canine skin described above. In normal canine skin, Dsg1 is reportedly expressed throughout the entire epidermal layer, while Dsg3 is only expressed in the lower epidermis (Nishifuji et al., 2007). We found that cell surface staining for Dsg1 was abolished in canine skin injected with the new ORF protein, whereas staining was retained in the skin injected with PBS (Fig. 3e and f). In the same area, the cell surface staining for Dsg3 was not altered by the presence or absence of the recombinant toxins (Fig. see more 3g and i). To further investigate the direct degradation

of the extracellular domains of canine Dsg1 by the novel ORF protein, baculovirus cDsg1 and cDsg3 proteins were incubated with the purified ORF protein or PBS alone in vitro. Immunoblot analysis showed that cDsg1, but not cDsg3, was degraded into smaller peptides by the novel ORF protein (Fig. 4). The exfoliative toxicity of the new ORF protein demonstrated in this study, namely the selective digestion of Dsg1, was similar to that seen with previously isolated ETs (Amagai et al., 2000, 2002; Yamaguchi et al., 2002; Fudaba et al., 2005; Nishifuji et al., 2005), including S. pseudintermedius EXI (K. Iyori & K. Nishifuji, manuscript in preparation). The occurrence of the orf gene was determined among Japanese isolates of S. pseudintermedius from the cutaneous lesions of dogs with superficial pyoderma exhibiting various clinical phenotypes and from the nasal cavities of healthy dogs without any skin lesions.