44 per 10 person-years) vs. 644 cases (0.89 per 10 person-years), respectively; P<0.0001]. The incidence of lipid-lowering drug use among HIV/HBV-coinfected selleckchem participants was not significantly lower [70 cases (0.77 per 10 person-years)] than among HIV-monoinfected participants. The proportions of participants developing grade 3 or 4 lipid abnormalities or lipid-lowering drug use over time are shown in Fig 1a–e and increased with duration on therapy. This was true for all lipid abnormalities combined

(Fig. 1a) and for individual measures (Fig. 1b–e). The proportion of HIV/HCV-coinfected participants with grade 3 or 4 lipid abnormalities was consistently lower for each specific measure of hyperlipidaemia and at each time-point compared with HIV-monoinfected participants. Predictors of developing any grade 3 or 4 hyperlipidaemia or lipid-lowering drug use that were statistically significant in univariate analyses included HIV/HCV coinfection, older male, earlier start year of HAART, NNRTI-containing regimen and PI-containing regimen (Table 2). HIV/HBV coinfection was not associated with development of hyperlipidaemia in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both HIV/HCV- and

HIV/HBV-coinfected participants had a decreased risk of hyperlipidaemia or lipid-lowering drug use after adjusting for age, gender and start year of HAART (Table 3), although HCV coinfection was more protective than HBV coinfection. HIV/HCV-coinfected participants were selleck compound less likely than HIV-monoinfected participants to ever develop elevated total cholesterol, total:HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in univariate analyses (Table 2). Other covariates that were significantly associated with these outcomes included older male,

earlier start year of HAART, NNRTI-containing regimen and PI-containing regimen. Higher weight was significantly associated with development of elevated total:HDL cholesterol ratio and triglycerides (Table 2). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that both HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV coinfections were associated with a decreased risk of developing HAS1 elevated total cholesterol levels and total:HDL cholesterol ratio but that only HIV/HCV coinfection was associated with a decreased risk of developing elevated LDL cholesterol or triglycerides (Table 3). All models revealed that older age and male gender increased the risk of elevated lipids while initiation of HAART after 1998 was associated with a lower risk compared with initiation of HAART in 1997 or earlier (Table 3). Sensitivity analyses were conducted after classifying participants as HCV- or HBV-coinfected only if positive laboratory test results were available. Using these criteria, 186 participants were classified as HCV-coinfected and 116 as HBV-coinfected.