1% BSA before plating cells. Plates were again washed with PBS and air-dried. SMMC-7721 cells were preincubated with CXCL12 (100 ng/ml) for 24 h at 37°C. A cell suspension containing 2 × 105 cells/ml was prepared in serum free media. The cell suspension (150 μl) was added to the inside of each well (BSA-coated wells were provided as a negative control).

Cells were allowed to attach for 1 h at 37°C. Subsequently, unattached cells were removed by gentle washing 3 times with PBS. Then the attached cells were stained with 1% crystal violet. Each well was gently washed 3 times with selleck screening library PBS. The total crystal violet bound to the cells was eluted with 10% acetic acid and measured by the absorbance at 560 nm. All the experiments were repeated 3 times in duplicate wells. ELISA for VEGF SMMC-7721 cells were plated in 24-well tissue culture plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells per well and followed with serum starvation for 24 h with RPMI-1640. Then, cells were treated with recombinant human CXCL12 (100 ng/ml)(Peprotech, UK), and the supernatants were collected 24 h after treatment. VEGF concentration was determined using Quantikine

ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). In vitro tube formation coculture assay To perform the tube formation assay, Transwell chambers were precoated with growth factor-reduced BMN673 SN-38 research buy Matrigel (200 μL of 10 mg/mL). Control, NC and CXCR7 shRNA transfected cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 104 cells/well in 24-well plates and cultured for 24 h respectively. HUVECs (2 × 104 cells/well) were then seeded in Transwell chambers precoated with the Matrigel. Subsequently, Transwell chambers containing HUVECs were inserted into the 24-well plates and cocultured for 24 h. After 24 h of cocultured at 37°C and 5% CO2, the number of capillary-like tubes from three randomly chosen fields was counted and photographed under an Nikon inverted microscope (Japan). Immunohistochemistry and quantitation of microvessel density Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze

the expression of CXCR7 and CD31. Paraffin-embedded human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues were sectioned at 5 μm thickness. Tumors established in nude mice were isolated and fixed GPX6 in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and cut in 6 μm sections. Tumor sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and quenched with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min at room temperature. The sections were incubated in protein blocking solution (5% normal horse serum, 1% goat serum in PBS) for 10 min before the addition of the primary antibody. The sections were incubated for 2 h at 37°C with rat antimouse CD31 (BD Biosciences, USA) or rabbit antihuman CXCR7 (Abcam, UK) at 1:100 dilutions. After incubation, the sections were washed in PBS for 10 min, and anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary biotinylated antibody was applied.