The absolute pre-exercise values are shown within the p38 MAPK inhibitors clinical trials graphs. The absolute pre-exercise values for lymphocytes GS-1101 chemical structure are 2.2 ± 0.1 × 109 cells /L for the PG and 2.9 ± 0.3 × 109 cells /L for the RG (no statistically significant difference, p = 0.07). To better understand the ammonia–lymphocyte relationship with Arg supplementation during exercise, we plotted the ammonia response to exercise against the lymphocyte count. The exercise-induced increases in ammonia and the lymphocyte count were highly correlated. The lymphocyte count associated with the increase in ammonia was decreased by Arg supplementation (Figure 7). Figure 7 Ammonemia increase is related

to the blood lymphocyte count. The lymphocyte count is plotted against ammonemia. (*) denotes that the average ± SE is different from the pre-exercise values; (#) denotes a difference between the experimental groups. Pearson correlations indicate that the relationship between the lymphocyte count and ammonemia is indirect. learn more The lymphocyte increases were normalized to pre-fight levels to ensure a better understanding of the results. Control, n = 23 (PG, ●);

Arginine, n = 16 (RG, Δ). Discussion Ammonia has deleterious effects on many systems, including the CNS, and has been identified as a potential cause of central fatigue. Blood ammonia is normally in the range of 20–100 μM, and concentrations above this range have been correlated with the incidence of encephalopathy, coma and death [10]. During exercise, ammonemia can exceed 350 μM without obvious symptoms [13]. In this study, we used an LCD (to deplete glycogen stores) combined with a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu session using a sportomics protocol to investigate the increase in blood ammonia and changes

in the white blood cell levels following exercise. The blood ammonia increased four- to six-fold after a six-minute match and reached levels as high as 610 μM in one individual. These values are higher than the published averages, even if we consider other match-based studies [6, 25], which confirms that this experimental protocol is a powerful short-term metabolic stress inducer. The velocity of the ammonia increase was partially (50%) retarded by previous Arg intake, and the total ammonia was lower in the RG. In Cetuximab supplier addition, the analysis of individual ammonia clearance suggests a greater velocity in the supplemented group. An increase in blood ammonia depends on different factors, including glycogen stores, amino acid deamination and glucose availability [26]. We used this knowledge as the rationale for depleting the glycogen stores using an LCD. In our study, blood glucose increased up to 30% in response to exercise and remained at this elevated level until the final measurement ten minutes after the match irrespective of Arg supplementation. This finding rules out an effect of Arg on ammonemia due to Arg supplementation-induced glucose production.