Both peripheral and intraganglionic BTX-A reduce phase II of formalin-induced pain. Antinociceptive effect of BTX-A was prevented completely by colchicine. BTX-A-truncated SNAP-25 in medullary A-1210477 chemical structure dorsal horn (spinal trigeminal nucleus) was evident 3 days following the peripheral treatment, even with low dose applied (3.5 U/kg). Presented data
provide the first evidence that axonal transport of BTX-A, obligatory for its antinociceptive effects, occurs via sensory neurons and is directed to sensory nociceptive nuclei in the CNS. (C)C 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The influence of pre-experimental autobiographical knowledge on recognition memory was investigated using as memoranda faces that were either personally known or unknown to the participant. Under a dual process theory, such knowledge
boosted both recollection- and familiarity-based recognition judgements. Under an unequal variance signal detection model, pre-experimental knowledge increased both the variance and the separation of the target and foil memory strength distributions, boosting hits and correct rejections. Thus, pre-experimental knowledge has profound effects on the multiple, interacting processes that subserve recognition memory, and likely in the neural systems that underpin them.”
“Sensory cortices show a decline in synaptic plasticity (e.g., long-term potentiation, LTP) during postnatal maturation. We
demonstrate a partial reversal of this decline in click here rat primary auditory cortex (A1) by pharmacological Tacrolimus (FK506) manipulations or modifications of the acoustic environment. In adult, anesthetized rats, field postsynaptic potentials (fPSPs) in A1 elicited by medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) stimulation consisted of two sequential peaks. Simultaneous application in A1 of a GABA(A) receptor agonist (muscimol) and GABA(B) receptor antagonist (SCH 50911), thought to result in a preferential inhibition of intracortical activity while preserving thalamocortical inputs, suggested that these two fPSP components largely reflect thalamocortical and intracortical synapses, respectively. Rats (postnatal day [PD]60-70) showed moderate LTP of fPSPs following theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of the MGN. Interestingly, repeated episodes (PD10-20 & 50-60) of patterned sound deprivation by continuous white noise exposure resulted in substantial LTP, an effect not seen with single exposure (PD10-20 or 50-60), or two episodes during adulthood (PD50-60 & 100-110). Thus, early sensory deprivation acts as a “”prime,”" allowing subsequent deprivation to reinstate juvenile-like levels of LTP. Older (>PD200) rats that no longer exhibit LTP in A1 showed LTP of the first fPSP peak when TBS occurred during cortical zinc application.