0. The use of MMTS in the case of cathepsin L was to prevent the oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of the enzyme during the purification steps. MMTS reacts with the sulfhydryl group, from which it is removed on cysteine addition during the assays Tyagi (1991). Amylase was pre-purified before been applied to the column. One mL of the supernatant from midgut homogenates were added to 50 μL of 400 mM TAPS buffer pH 8.0, 60 μL of glycogen (17 mg/mL) solution and 80 μL of 96% ethanol. After 5 min in ice, the suspension

was centrifuged at 9300g for 5 min at 4 °C. click here The supernatant (1.7 mL) was discarded and the pellet resuspended in 1.7 mL of 40% ethanol in TAPS buffer and centrifuged again after 5 min in ice. The new pellet was submitted to the same procedure as before. The resulting pellet was solubilized in 20 mM CAPS buffer pH 10.5, containing 100 mM benzamidine. After dialysis against 20 mM Tris–HCl buffer at pH 7.0, the dialysate was loaded onto the HiTrap column as described above. The fractions corresponding to the single activity peak of each enzyme obtained at this step were pooled and submitted to chromatography in a Superdex 200 10/30 column (Pharmacia) to resolve aminopeptidase and Superdex 75 HR 10/30 (Pharmacia) to isolate amylase, cathepsin L and α-glucosidase. The column was equilibrated

Epacadostat purchase with two volumes (50 mL) of the different buffers and the flow was 0.5 mL/min and fractions of 0.4 ml were collected. Gel filtration was performed in the same conditions as described for HiTrap Q XL chromatography. Molecular masses were calculated according to Andrews (1964) with the following proteins Obeticholic Acid cost as standards: β-amylase (200 kDa), BSA (66 kDa), ovalbumin (45 kDa), carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) and cytochrome

C (12.4 kDa). The column was calibrated with “blue dextran” (2000 kDa). For ultrastructural analyses of the midgut and its content, six males of P. nigrispinus from the rearing colony were starved for 48 h and then fed ad libitum for 24 h with Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Then the predators were dissected in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.4 containing 0.2 M sucrose. The midgut was divided into anterior, middle and posterior and the sections were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) and picric acid for two hours. The samples were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, then dehydrated in an ethanol series and embedded in LR White acrylic resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Ft Washington, USA), cut into ultrathin sections, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate ( Reynolds, 1963) and, finally, examined in a Zeiss EM 109 electron microscopy. As all Hemiptera, P. nigrispinus has piercing-sucking mouth parts with which it attacks its prey. The salivary complex is composed of two salivary glands (MG in Fig. 1A) having an anterior (AL) and a posterior (PL) lobes and two cylindrical accessory glands (AG) ( Fig. 1A).