4%) by the baiting method (Table 2). The A3apro-LAMP assay reported here may therefore be used for visual detection of P. sojae in plants and production fields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the application

of the LAMP assay for the rapid and specific detection of P. sojae. Compared with conventional PCR, the LAMP assay reported here has the AZD6244 mw advantages of simple detection and rapid assay time (< 80 min). A thermal cycler is not required because there is no heat denaturation step, and a regular laboratory water bath or a heating block that can provide a constant temperature (60–65°C) can be used. In this study, we developed a LAMP assay for P. sojae based on a special identifiable target A3aPro A3aPro sequences stand for Avr3a Promoter transposon-like fragment, specific sequences found in the P. sojae (Race 2 and some other strains) avirulent effector Avr3a promoter region. Although there is copy number variation for Avr3a among P. sojae strains, different P. sojae strains may have one or four copies

of Avr3a (Qutob et al., 2009). However, all known P. sojae strains apparently have at least one copy of Avr3a. Venetoclax nmr The differences in copy number of Avr3a may not impact the utility of using the A3aPro element as a target for detection because there are so many copies of A3aPro in the genome. Our A3apro-LAMP method uses four primers: F3, B3, FIP, and BIP. LAMP enables the synthesis of larger amounts of both DNA and a visible by-product, namely, magnesium pyrophosphate. The turbidity caused by the accumulation of magnesium pyrophosphate precipitate can be measured by recording the OD at 650 mm every 6 s using the Loopamp Real-time Turbidimeter LA320C (Mori et al., 2004). As shown in Figs 2a and 3a, the LAMP reaction by Eiken correctly detected P. sojae strains. Non-specific LAMP Thiamine-diphosphate kinase products were not obtained from other Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., or various other pathogens. Although the reaction

time was set at 80 min, the LAMP assay was markedly faster, requiring < 60 min for amplification from P. sojae strains using an LA-320C turbidimeter. Technical equipment (LA-320C) to measure the turbidity is available but would complicate this simple technology and limit its use, especially in developing countries. Detection of turbidity by the naked eye is the simplest for judging a positive or negative reaction, although this method requires training. Several other DNA intercalating dyes such as SYBR green (Parida et al., 2005) or Picogreen (Curtis et al., 2008) can added after a reaction is completed. However, use of these intercalating dyes increased the rates of contamination because the tubes were opened. To avoid such contamination, a visualization indicator (HNB) prior to amplification is used in the A3apro-LAMP assay. For HNB visual detection, optimization of LAMP conditions was evaluated for self-trial by adding HNB prior to amplification.