Adult NH cells can generate bipotent primary neurospheres but not secondary ones, suggesting that the structure contains glial progenitors but probably not stem cells. Finally, when the NH is stimulated by dehydration, we observe an increase in cell proliferation associated with an increase in cell death. By identifying the cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or positive for Ki67, we demonstrate that this increased proliferation concerns all glial cell types in the adult NH, including the pdgfr alpha+ cells. Our study shows that the NH is a complex structure composed of multiple glial subtypes, which all participate

in the physiological response to dehydration. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: The effects Sonidegib solubility dmso of ischemia and hypercholesterolemia on the function and morphological adaptation of the rabbit hindlimb were assessed. Methods: In rabbits on normal or cholesterol diet, experiments were performed on days 0-28 following bilateral femoral artery ligation. Calf blood pressure (CBP), exercise tolerance, flow reserve, agonist vasodilatation, angiography and capillary density were examined and modeled. Results: C BP decreased markedly post-ligation and returned to 41 and 68% of baseline by days 7 and 28. Exercise tolerance was attenuated 40% and flow reserve 50 60% on day 7, with recovery by day 28. Ligation caused decreases in selleck chemicals llc 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced

dilatation, while adenosine

and acetylcholine responses were unaffected. Hypercholesterolemia attenuated acetylcholine-elicited dilatation. There was marked loss of adenosine dilatation on days 7-14 in the ligation plus Cilengitide clinical trial hypercholesterolemia group. Ligation caused a doubling in the number of medium-sized collateral arteries. Hypercholesterolemia, either alone or combined with ligation, greatly augmented small vessel density. Capillary density was unaltered by any treatment. Conclusions: The rabbit hindlimb shows a remarkable ability to recover its muscle function through vascular adaptation and remodeling 4 weeks following ligation, with or without hypercholesterolemia. Exercise tolerance, flow reserve and vascular reactivity were mainly restored 28 days post-ligation. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.”
“Methamphetamine (MA) is a drug of abuse as well as a dopaminergic neurotoxin. We have previously demonstrated that pretreatment with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-mediated neurodegeneration in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of BMP7 against MA-mediated toxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Primary dopaminergic neurons, prepared from rat embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue, were treated with MA. High doses of MA decreased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) while increasing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dNTP nick end labeling.