Before slaughter, 7 real-time ultrasound measurements were taken on lambs: fat and LM depths between the 12th and 13th ribs (transverse) and between the 3rd and 4th

lumbar vertebrae (transverse and longitudinal), and GR. After slaughter, the measurements equivalent to ultrasound measurements were taken on digitized images of the cuts on the left half carcass of each lamb. Ultrasound GR and fat depth measurements were closely correlated with the corresponding carcass measurements (0.76 <= r <= 0.81). Ultrasound GR measurement exhibited a large error of central tendency, but the level of error due to the disturbance (ED) was comparable with fat depth measurements (ED = 8.5%; residual SD = 2.24 mm; CV of residuals = 9.5%). Ultrasound fat depth measurements were more accurate between the 12th LY411575 inhibitor and 13th ribs (error due to regression = 1.20; ED = 0.82) than between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae (error due to regression = 5.58 and 5.4; ED = 1.10 and 0.93, transverse and longitudinal, respectively), mainly due to image interpretation errors in the lumbar region. Measurements of LM depth demonstrated low variability in the population under study (SD = 2.6 mm),

and these ultrasound measurements NVP-LDE225 order showed low correlation with the corresponding carcass measurements (0.34 <= r <= 0.43). The results of this study demonstrated that ultrasound measurements were more accurate for evaluating fat depth and the GR measurements than for estimating LM depths. Ultrasound GR measurement is a promising measurement, Selleckchem BGJ398 especially where carcass grading systems are based on this carcass measurement.”
“A novel triangular resonator with total internal reflection and attenuated total reflection (ATR) mirrors is proposed. The resonance characteristics are analyzed for the first time. The optimum gold thickness in the ATR mirror is 33 nm and the resonance angle is 17.777 degrees. Extinction ratio greater than 66 dB could

be achieved with the appropriate choice of resonance angle and coupling ratios. The triangular ring resonator with an incident angle of 18 degrees inside the resonator was also fabricated and measured. The resulting free spectral range of the resonator is approximately 0.85 nm near 1558 nm, and the on-off ratio was about 3.5 dB. These resonance characteristics of the triangular resonator are found to be useful in realizing bio/chemical sensors when the ATR mirror carries a special electromagnetic wave called a surface plasmon wave. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3638710]“
“PRINCIPLES: In Switzerland, more and more patients go directly to the emergency department, bypassing general practitioners.