Cask is a downstream target gene of FOXO1 Using INS-1 cells with

Cask is a downstream target gene of FOXO1. Using INS-1 cells with palmitate-induced insulin-release defects, we investigated the relationship between FOXO1 and Cask. Methods The expression levels and location of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) and FOXO1 were evaluated by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. The regulation of Cask by FOXO1 was examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays. Potassium-stimulated insulin-secretion assays were used to verify the function of INS-1 cells and islets. Electron microscopy was used to establish the anchoring process of

the insulin granules after CASK knockdown in islets. Results Palmitic acid reduced CASK levels and increased FOXO1 levels. Selleck 3-MA ChIP and luciferase assays demonstrated FOXO1 binding with the Cask promoter, which was enhanced by palmitate treatment. CASK knockdown reduced insulin release in INS-1 cells and primary islets, and Cask overexpression reversed the palmitate-induced insulin reduction. CASK knockdown attenuated forskolin-enhanced insulin release, but Cask overexpression did not change the insulin-secretion suppression induced by nifedipine. In pancreatic islet beta cells, CASK knockdown reduced the anchoring

of insulin vesicles to cell membranes. Conclusions/interpretation The induction of beta cell insulin-secretion LY2606368 clinical trial defects by fatty acids is mediated, at least in part, by FOXO1 via downregulation

of Cask expression. It is characterised mainly as an obstruction of the anchoring of insulin granules to beta cell membranes.”
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“Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an early sign of vascular dysfunction. Studies have reported a correlation between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association among different criteria for assessing arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk factors in ED patients.

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