Ciprofloxacin (Micro labs, India) and Amphotericin-B (Micro labs, India) were used as reference antibiotics against bacteria and fungi, correspondingly. Antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were first screened for their zone of inhibition by the agar well-diffusion method. Briefly, crude extracts were prepared concentration of 100 mg/ml with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, SD Fine, Mumbai) as a solvent. The Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium (Hi Media) was prepared and sterilized at 121 °C 15 lp/sq for 20 min the autoclave. Twenty millilitres of this sterilized agar medium (MHA)

were poured into each 9 cm sterile petridishes under aseptic conditions and allowed to settle. For the preparation of the inocula 24 h culture was emulsified in 3 ml sterile saline following the McFarland turbidity to obtain a concentration of 108 cells/ml. The suspension was standardized by adjusting the optical density to 0.1 at 600 nm (ELICO MAPK inhibitor SL-244 spectrophotometer). One hundred microlitres (100 μl) of cell suspension with approximately 106–108 bacteria per millilitre was placed in petridishes and dispersed over

agar.7 In the following, a well was prepared in the plates with the help of a sterile stainless steel-borer (6 mm diameter) two holes per plates were made into the set agar containing the bacterial culture. Each well 100 μl of the plant added at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. For each bacterial strain controls were maintained where pure solvents, instead of extract as a negative control. Plant extracts

and reference drug (Ciprofloxacin 1000 μg/ml) were allowed to diffuse Cytidine deaminase for 1 h into the plates and then incubated at 37 °C for 18 h Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor in inverted position. The results were recorded by measuring the zone of growth inhibition (mm) surrounding the wells. Each assay was performed in triplicates and repeated twice. Diameters of inhibition zone less than 7 mm were recorded as non-active (−), and as active (+), when the mean of inhibition zone was between 7 and 10 mm. (++) Described an inhibition diameter of more than 10 mm and less than 15 mm, (+++) an inhibition diameter between 15 and 20 mm and (++++) a diameter of more than 20 mm of growth inhibition.8 All the fungal species was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (Hi Media) for 48 h at 27 °C and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was employed for the agar well diffusion experiments. Fungal suspensions were adjusted to 107 cells/ml as explained above. The zone of Inhibition was determined after incubation for 48 h at 27 °C. All tests were performed in triplicates and repeated twice.9 The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is considered as the lowest concentration of the sample which inhibits the visible growth of a microbe was determined by the microbroth dilution method. The MIC method was performed as described below on extracts that showed their high efficacy against microorganisms by the well diffusion method (zone of inhibition higher than 11 mm).