coli and S. Typhimurium recipients (Figure 2). This was in agreement with previous studies which have shown that the pil locus is required for conjugation in liquid [21, 27]. Removal of an rci recombinase, which allows the recombination of shufflon elements to determine

the terminal thin pilus protein and impacts on host specificity, has previously been shown to fix this region into one particular conformation [22]. Inactivation of the pCT rci gene resulted in a reduced transfer rate of pCT to the S. Typhimurium recipient, particularly in liquid {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| media, however there was no effect on the rate of transfer to the E. coli recipient (Figure 2). Therefore, we conclude that the thin pilus is not find more essential for pCT conjugation. However, the presence of the thin pilus consistently increased the frequency with which pCT conjugated into recipient host strains within liquid. It may be that production of the thin pilus provides better attachment of the mating pair in liquid, and the active shufflon region allows variation and an extended pCT bacteria host range as shown in R64 [24]. As inactivation of pilS had no effect on pCT transfer on a filter to E. coli recipients, the role of the thin pilus click here in conjugation on a solid surface is less clear (Figure 2, Table 1). Figure 2 Conjugation frequencies of wild-type pCT and the pCT mutants on a solid surface (filled box) and in liquid (open box)

from bacterial donor E. coli DH5α to A) a S. Typhimurium recipient and B) an E. coli recipient. Inactivation of pCT genes had no detected effect on various bacterial hosts Inactivation of the six selected genes on pCT in each of the recombinant plasmids had no effect on bacterial host growth rates during mid-logarithmic phase or generation time of either host when compared to hosts containing wild-type pCT (Table 1). Apart from the inactivated parB, each mutant plasmid also remained in a 1:1 ratio when E. coli DH5α cells containing each mutant plasmid were

co-cultured in competition with E. coli DH5α containing wild-type pCT in-vitro. After approximately 80 generations, cells containing each mutant plasmid had a competition index indistinguishable from 1.0 (Table 1) indicating no fitness advantage or disadvantage over host cells containing wild-type pCT. Therefore, Protirelin inactivation of the five selected pCT gene regions had neither a beneficial or detrimental effect on host growth or on the host’s ability to compete in co-culture, suggesting these genes do not individually contribute or alleviate any significant burden the plasmid may place on the bacterial host cell under conditions tested. In contrast, the recombinant plasmid carrying the inactivated parB gene was out-competed by the wild-type pCT plasmid. The reason behind this phenomenon is unclear as the host cells carrying this recombinant plasmid exhibited no detectable growth defect.