Conclusion: Alcohol application leads to cell damage in basal epithelial cells but cleavage plane remains smooth. Generally, none of the methods caused trauma to the basement membrane.”
“The amination of industrial softwood kraft lignin was conducted using the Mannich reaction to modify the lignin structure for value-added applications. To understand the reaction mechanism and to quantify the amount of amine GDC-0941 concentration groups that were introduced, different types of NMR analyses were performed. The lignin was also pretreated by phenolation to increase its reactivity and the amount of the amine groups that were introduced. The Mannich reaction was very selective at the C-5 position of the guaiacyl units and

complete under acidic conditions with similar to 11-fold amounts of reagents of dimethylamine and formaldehyde over either model lignin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone, HMAP) or industrial spruce kraft lignin (LignoBoost lignin, LBL). For LBL, 28 amine groups were introduced over 100 aromatic rings. By weight, the nitrogen content was 2.5%. The animated lignin was found to possess a higher molecular

mass, reaching a Mp of 4.9 x 10(3) Da compared to the original 319 x 10(3) Da, and with a considerably increased dispersibility, especially in a dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (pH = 3), namely 5.2 mg/ml. With a preceding phenolation treatment, which increased the amount of phenolic aromatic rings available for the Mannich reaction, an introduction of 42 amine groups over 100 aromatic rings, or a nitrogen Selleck Acalabrutinib content of 4.8%, was obtained, which caused a further increase of the molecular mass to 5.1 x 10(3) PXD101 Da (Mp) and of dispersibility in the aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid up to 32.0 mg/ml. The aminated lignins with or without the phenolation pretreatment formed very stable colloidal suspensions in water, with large particle sizes

(391 and 39 nm), high zeta potentials (31.6 and 27.2 mV), and large charge densities (1.6 and 1.2 x 10(-7) equiv./ml, respectively). The potential value-added applications of these modified lignins with high amine contents include use as surfactant chemicals, polycationic materials and slow-release fertilisers, among others. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: In mammals lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) function as cofactors for multienzymatic complexes catalyzing the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids. Moreover, LA is used as a drug in a variety of diseases including inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was to examine anti-inflammatory properties of LA metabolites.

Material/methods: The present paper reports the chemical synthesis of 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid (BMTBA) and tetranor-dihydrolipoic acid (tetranor-DHLA). BMTBA is one of the biotransformation products of LA, while tetranor-DHLA is an analogue of DHLA.