Despite this, the broad tropism of the SFV-based
expression vector may limit use as a CNS gene therapy vector unless this inherent limitation can be overcome. “
“M. Stancic, J. van Horssen, V. L. Thijssen, H.-J. Gabius, P. van der Valk, D. Hoekstra and W. Baron (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 654–671 Increased expression of distinct galectins in multiple sclerosis lesions Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by inflammation, demyelination, ultimate failure of remyelination and axonal loss. Current research identifies galectins, adhesion/growth-regulatory effectors binding β-galactosides, selleck inhibitor peptide motifs and lipids, as important immunomodulators in diverse inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about their expression, cellular localization and role in human LEE011 central nervous system tissue. To identify a potential role of galectins in MS, their expression and localization in control white matter (CWM) and demyelinated MS lesions were examined. Methods: qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on human post mortem CWM and MS lesions at different stages. Cultured astrocytes, derived
from healthy subjects and MS patients, were analysed similarly. Results: Among 11 different galectins tested, galectins-1, -3, -8 and -9 were present at detectable levels in CWM, and, interestingly, significantly enhanced in active MS lesions. On find more the cellular level, galectins localized to microglia/macrophages, astrocytes and endothelial cells. Intriguingly, galectin-9 displayed a distinctly different intracellular localization in microglia/macrophages when comparing active and inactive MS lesions, being restricted to the nuclei in active lesions, and primarily localizing in the cytoplasm in inactive lesions. Furthermore, enhanced levels of galectin-1, detected as dimers in Western blot analysis, were released by cultured astrocytes
from MS patients. Conclusions: This study provides a detailed analysis of galectins in MS lesions and assigns distinct galectins to different aspects of the disease. Thus, besides being known as modulators of inflammatory processes, our findings suggest additional association of distinct galectins with MS pathology. “
“For two decades the search for genes involved in Alzheimer’s disease brought little reward; it was not until the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that genetic associations started to be revealed. Since 2009 increasingly large GWAS have revealed 20 loci, which in itself is a substantial increase in our understanding, but perhaps the more important feature is that these studies have highlighted novel pathways that are potentially involved in the disease process.