e., cytoplasm, cell wall or extracellular medium) and more recently to efficiently transfer DNA to eukaryotic Selleck AZD1208 cells. A promising application of L lactis is its use for the development

of live mucosal vaccines. Here, we have reviewed the expression of heterologous protein and the various delivery systems developed for L. lactis, as well as its use as an oral vaccine carrier. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Two genes encoding endoglucanase, designated as eg12 and eg13, were cloned from a lignocellulosic decomposing fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Z5 and were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The deduced amino acid sequences encoded by eg12 and eg13 showed strong similarity with the sequence of glycoside hydrolase family 5. SDS-PAGE and western blot assays indicated that the recombinant enzymes were secreted into the culture medium and the zymogram analysis

Ferrostatin-1 chemical structure confirmed that both recombinant enzymes had endoglucanase activity. Several biochemical properties of the two recombinant enzymes were studied: Eg12 and Eg13 showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 4.0, respectively, and at 50 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Eg12 and Eg13 showed good pH stability in the range of 4-7, and both enzymes demonstrated good thermostability ranging from 30 to 60 degrees C. The K(m) and V(max) values using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, soluble cellulose, polymerized by beta-1, 4-linked glucose residues) as the substrate at optimal conditions were determined. The activities of the enzymes on a variety of cello-oligosaccharide substrates were investigated, and Eg12 can hydrolyze cellotetraose and almost cellopentaose

but not cellobiose and cellotriose, whereas Eg13 can hydrolyze all cello-oligosaccharides, except cellobiose. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The Escherichia coil unc-operon encodes the genes for the subunits of the F0F1-ATP synthase and an integral membrane protein of unknown function called UncI. UncI influences the cell-growth and activity of F0F1, but its exact function is still unknown. The expression level is too low to extract milligram amounts of UncI from E. coli membranes and the existing purification protocol based on methanol/chloroform is not suitable for structural and functional studies. Here we present protocols to increase the expression level, to purify UncI in a detergent where UncI is monodisperse, and we characterize its oligomeric state. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Abdominal aortic aneurysms have an incidence that is approximately four to six times higher in men than in women. However, the incidence in women also rises with older age, although starting later in life than in men. There are also sex differences in the risk of rupture and in outcomes after endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Various explanations have been proposed.