Functional MRI (fMRI) provides measures of relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during memory or other cognitive

task performance, and has the advantages of high resolution in space and time and lack of radiation exposure.29 Thirty middle-aged and older subjects with mild memory complaints but normal memory performance received APOE genotyping. The 14 subjects with the APOE-4 genetic risk for AD did not differ significantly from the 16 subjects without APOE-4 group in age, prior educational achievement, or rates of AD family history. During fMRI scanning on a 3-tesla unit, subjects performed an unrelated paired associate learning task. Brain activation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patterns were determined during both learning and retrieval task periods and analyzed using both between-group and within-subject approaches. Compared with subjects without APOE-4, those at genetic risk showed significantly greater magnitude and spatial extent of rCBF during memory retrieval in regions Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical affected by AD: left medial temporal and bilateral parietal

and prefrontal. Longitudinal data indicated that baseline brain activation correlated with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical verbal memory decline assessed 2 years later. Relative cerebral blood flow responses to a memory challenge may reflect compensatory cognitive efforts for emerging functional deficits in people at genetic risk for AD. These results suggest that combining brain activation and genetic risk measures may provide information that eventually predicts future cognitive decline. PET imaging of plaques and tangles in AD New research is under way to develop additional early detection strategies with greater sensitivity and specificity, including studies aimed at imaging the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Intraneuronal NFTs and extracellular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical P-amyloid-rieh senile plaques (SPs) have been implicated as central components of the pathogenic cascade in AD, which

highlights the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical importance of noninvasive in vivo assessment of SP and NFT deposition. A hydrophobic radiofluorinated derivative of 1,1-dicyano2-[6-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-2-yl]propene (FDDNP) was used in conjunction Etomidate with PET to determine the localization and load of NFTs and SPs in the living brain of AD patients (n=7) and controls (n=3).30 Fluorescence microscopy also was used to determine SP and NFT binding in AD brain specimens. Greater accumulation and slower FDDNP clearance was observed in SP/NFTrieh brain areas, particularly the hippocampus-amygdalaentorhinal complex, but also temporal and Selleckchem Navitoclax parietal cortex in advanced disease stages. In vitro fluorescence microscropy showed excellent visualization of NFTs, SPs, and diffuse amyloid in AD, matching results with thioflavin T obtained in the same specimens. The availability of this noninvasive technique may allow longitudinal evaluation of SP and NFT deposition, permitting more accurate diagnosis and evaluation of therapies.