Further research will be necessary to assess the effi cacy of these inhibitors to improve outcome after radio therapy in vivo and ultimately in patients. Some of the concentrations mean used in our experiments to inhibit kinases were in the micromolar range and it can be questioned whether effective inhibitor concentrations will be obtai nable in vivo and, hence, whether our findings can be directly extrapolated to the clinic. Our own group has already shown that combining dasatinib with radiotherapy results in a significant effect on growth delay in HNSCC xenografts, while either treatment alone has no effect on tumor growth. In addition, clinical studies performed with dasatinib and MK 2206, have already shown to be able to effectively inhibit pSrc and pAKT, respectively.

Nonetheless, it will still need to be determined whether these inhibitors are also able to improve outcome after radiotherapy in the clinic. Lastly, the challenge for the future will be to determine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries which kinase pathway are crucial for Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries tumor cell survival in an individual patient and, hence, to determine which kinase inhibitor will most likely be effective Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in that patient. Conclusion Kinases of the PI3 K/AKT, MAPK, STAT and SFK path ways were shown to be correlated with radiosensitivity in HNSCC cells. Inhibitors of these kinases were able to decrease survival after radiotherapy, in particular MEK1/2, STAT5 and STAT6 inhibitors. Hence, kinase inhibitors have the potential to increase radiosensitivity of tumors and thereby improve the outcome of HNSCC patients after radiotherapy.

However, as with inhibi tors against growth factor receptors, tumor cell lines display differential sensitivity. Further research is war ranted to increase insight in mechanisms involved in resistance to these kinase inhibitors and how they can be counteracted to increase the efficacy of these ki nase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries inhibitors. Secondly, kinase inhibition should be tailored to the preferential signaling pathway activa tion of individual Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries tumors. Background Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy worldwide. For 2013, in the USA alone, 49,560 persons will be newly diagnosed with endometrial car cinoma and 8,190 persons will die of inhibitor Ganetespib this disease. Hysterectomy with or without adjuvant treatment has been recommended for local endometrial carcinoma, yield ing a 5 year survival rate of approximately 96%. However, 30% endometrial carcinoma cases are not diagnosed until regional or distant metastasis is present, resulting in a much more dismal outcome.