In parallel, we observed that the reverse transport of cholesterol not used by tissues Tofacitinib JAK3 via HDL to the liver was also stimulated in fish fed VD. Indeed, APOA1, which participates Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in the transport of cholesterol to the liver by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, exhibited higher Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries tran script levels in fish fed VD. Altogether these results reveal that another major response in the liver of Eur opean sea bass fed a vegetable diet is the stimulation Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of cholesterol synthesis and transport, irrespective of the half sibfamily considered. Carbohydrate metabolism LC PUFA and cholesterol biosynthesis require reducing power in the form of NADPH.

It is well documented in vertebrates, including fish, that NADPH required Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for malonyl CoA synthesis is mainly supplied by the dehy drogenases of the pentose phosphate shunt. Interestingly, our transcriptomic data indicate that the use of the VD induced a significant increase in the level of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase. G6PD catalyses NADP linked oxidation of D glucose 6 phosphate and has been shown to be a major contributor of NADPH production for lipogenesis in Atlantic salmon and European sea bass. Moreover, our data indicate an increase in the expression of hexose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway that gener ate NADPH, in fish fed VD. Once synthesized, the resulting pentose sugar intermediate generated by the pentose phosphate pathway Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries can be reconverted to intermediates of the glycolysis gluconeo genesis pathway such as glyceraldehyde 3P or fructose 6P.

In the liver of fish, it is known that glycolysis pro vides essential precursors for biosynthesis rather selleckchem KPT-330 than pyruvate for oxidation. Thus, the stimulation of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase 1 and aldolase expression that we observe in fish fed VD could provide high levels of fructose 6 phosphate from glyceraldehyde 3P, then glucose 6P that serves as substrate for repeated passage in the pentose phosphate shunt. Protein amino acid metabolism and ATP synthesis Our data revealed over expression of genes involved in proteolysis and, more particularly, in proteasome activity and ubiquitin activity in fish fed VD, which is in total agreement with proteomic data obtained in rainbow trout, indicating a stimulation of proteolysis in fish fed vegetable diets. In our study, the stimulation of proteolysis in the fish fed the vegeta ble diet was associated with the induction of 18 genes involved in amino acid metabolism and, more impor tantly, 4 genes involved in glutamine metabolism. In addition, gmps, aadat, got1 and tat genes, which are implicated in transamination, were also stimulated in fish fed VD.