On the other hand, around half of the rats reached SE at the end

On the other hand, around half of the rats reached SE at the end of recording on Day 1 and received injection of diazepam to control seizure severity. Thus, it is also possible that occurrence of SE, injection of diazepam or both might be confounding factors, masking, if any, the effect of acute responsive HFS on the subsequent days. The last, a reduction of sensitivity to KA injection was found over injection Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical days. Such tolerance to

the effects of KA was reported on the developing brain of rats (Holmes and Thompson 1988; Sarkisian et al. 1997). Previous studies have shown that different stimuli including KA, Temsirolimus kindling, and spontaneous seizures can precondition the brain and may protect against subsequent seizures (Kelly and McIntyre 1994; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Sasahira et al. 1995; Najm et al. 1998; Plamondon et al. 1999).

Severe epileptic conditions such as SE could provoke an intrinsic anticonvulsant mechanism, resulting in seizure insensitivity to subsequent injections when given 48 h later. Conclusion Responsive HFS of the subiculum suppressed focal seizures and IS without interrupting ongoing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical seizures in this acute seizure model. Such anticonvulsant effects of acute subicular stimulation indicate that the subiculum is involved in seizure generation. The reduction of seizure sensitivity over the injection days might reflect an intrinsic anticonvulsant mechanism. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Gerard van Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Oijen and Jos Wittebrood for technical assistance in electrophysiology

as well as Hans Krijnen and Saskia Menting-Hermeling in animal experimentation. The present study is supported by the BrainGain Smart Mix Program of the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. The authors are indebted to Dr. Alexey Ovchinnikov who designed and implemented the program for the detection of interictal spikes. Conflict of Interest None declared. Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Figure S1. An example of detection of interictal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical spikes (IS). The upper channel represents a piece of EEG data containing some IS on the CA3 channel. The lower channel represents IS detection by an offline IS detection algorithm. Each vertical line represents positive detection of one interical spike. The movement artifact (marked by arrow) is not detected as an interictal spike (300 dpi). Click here to view.(1.5M, before doc) Figure S2. An example of the locations of one cannula and stimulation electrode in one slice. The white arrow refers to the cannula tip in the CA3 area and the black arrow shows the stimulation electrode tip in the subiculum of the hippocampus. S, subiculum (300 dpi). Click here to view.(1.5M, doc) Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors.

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