Opportunities Cyclopamine ic50 are therefore emerging to comparatively analyse host-invading fungal transcriptomes. In this minireview, we examine the results of recent investigations and ask whether it is possible to

draw exploitable parallels or diversifications among the studies. We consider analyses of three human (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) and two plant (Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe grisea species complex) fungal pathogens (Table 1), giving careful consideration to methodological and technical limitations of the experimentation involved. Six recent studies were included in our analysis. Methodological aspects (e.g. host species, immunosuppression and/or dosing regimens, etc.) of the reported experimentation are detailed in Table 1. Those that characterized host adaptation of the human respiratory pathogens A. fumigatus and C. neoformans (Hu et al., 2008; McDonagh et al., 2008) used mouse inhalational models of pulmonary infection, with subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), to examine early-stage host adaptation in harvested fungal elements. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common mould that causes opportunistic invasive

infection Dabrafenib manufacturer in immunocompromised patients (Latge, 1999). To mimic this pathophysiology, mice were chemotherapeutically rendered neutropenic before infection. As A. fumigatus spores are abundant among the airborne microbial communities, and pulmonary infection is usually acquired following spore inhalation, mice were infected via the intranasal route (Fig. 1a), with a saline suspension of freshly harvested mitotic spores. Mice were culled at a time point (14 h) corresponding to the onset of pulmonary tissue invasion (Fig. 1b) and the transcriptome of infecting fungal germlings was analysed, relative to developmentally matched laboratory-cultured

germlings, using doubly amplified mRNA populations. A similar experimental protocol (Fig. 1d and Protein kinase N1 e) was adopted by Hu and colleagues for C. neoformans, with the exception that mice were not immuncompromised, and two time points, 8 and 24 h, were adopted for the harvest of fungal elements. The serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) methodology (Patino et al., 2002) was used to profile transcript populations from unamplified total RNA, obtained from the pooled contents of 20 murine BALs. SAGE ranks transcript abundance in RNA populations, which, with normalization between samples, can provide information on the relative transcript abundance between transcript populations. Therefore, no direct comparison with a reference sample was performed for this study; rather, the number of SAGE tags identified per transcript was recorded and tag populations were compared with those obtained in previous experimentation. Various infection modelling options exist for Candida species as these organisms cause a range of infectious diseases.