Similar to patients with atrial switch procedures for TGA, the prevalence of systemic RV dysfunction varies based on buy VE-821 associated anomalies. In one large multicenter study of adults with c-TGA, systemic RV dysfunction and heart failure were higher with increasing age, the presence of significant associated cardiac lesions, a history of arrhythmia, pacemaker implantation, and prior cardiac surgery.38

Figure 8. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (A) Illustration of physiologically corrected transposition of the great arteries. (B) Steady-state free precession four-chamber image of a patient with physiologically corrected transposition of the great arteries with a dilated, hypertrophied, systemic … Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation Malformations of the morphological tricuspid valve (systemic atrioventricular valve) are common, including Ebstein anomaly. However, the valve appears distinctly different from classic Ebstein anomaly as it does not exhibit the large, sail-like anterior leaflet and little, if any, atrialized portion of the RV. Progressive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical TR begets more Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dilation of the systemic RV, which in turn contributes to more regurgitation.39 Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction In c-TGA, the incidence of LVOTO ranges from 35% to 50%. Pulmonary stenosis can be valvar and/or subvalvar due to accessory AV valve tissue or a fibrous ridge. Myocardial Fibrosis The significance of myocardial fibrosis

in patients with c-TGA has not been thoroughly investigated, as the several small studies that have been reported often Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical include both TGA atrial switch patients and c-TGA patients. However, the presence of LGE in patients with a systemic RV is associated with RV dysfunction, poor exercise tolerance, arrhythmia, and progressive clinical deterioration.40 With these components of the imaging focus in mind, here is a suggested imaging protocol for adults with c-TGA: ECG-gated cine SSFP sequences LV two- and four-chamber views Ventricle short-axis stack from the base to the apex for quantitative assessment of ventricular size, function, and mass RV and LV outflow tract views RV two-chamber view to assess

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tricuspid valve Gadolinium enhanced 3D MRA ECG-gated phase contrast sequences perpendicular to the main PA, ascending aorta, AV valves LGE enhancement to assess for myocardial fibrosis Summary In conclusion, an increasing number of adults with CHD will undergo CMR imaging in the future. Knowledge of the congenital either heart anatomy, prior surgical interventions, and development of an imaging focus for each individual patient is crucial to perform a successful CMR examination. The information provided by the CMR may identify factors contributing to current symptomatology and provide some prognostic information regarding future risk for adverse outcomes in this unique set of patients. Funding Statement Funding/Support: The authors have no funding disclosures.