These maps can help plan the distribution of mining and set aside areas, minimising disturbance to important habitat and communities. Ecotoxicologal investigations should form an important part of the baseline study, in particular in establishing acceptable concentrations of heavy metals from discharge of mining waste.

For example, the high natural background levels of heavy metals at Solwara 1 led to the conclusion that the proposed concentrations of mining waste discharge would not have any measurable effects on the highly-adapted, specialised hydrothermal buy STA-9090 vent fauna (Gwyther, 2008b). However, the background fauna and fauna at inactive SMS deposits are not adapted to a high heavy metal environment and could

be vulnerable to mining waste discharge. One of the issues with standard ecotoxicology studies and bioassays is that the test organisms are generally from shallow water environments, so the effect of www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html physiological adaptations to the deep-sea environment (pressure, darkness, cold) is not considered. For example, the test organisms used by Nautilus for ecotoxicology tests were the alga Nitzshia closterium, the marine copepod Acartia sinjiensis, and the amphipod Mekita plumulosa, none of which occur at Solwara 1 ( Gwyther, 2008b). The alternative would be to use deep-sea organisms, preferably those found at inactive SMS

deposits or as background fauna, but maintaining these Astemizole organisms at appropriate environmental conditions throughout a bioassay would be challenging and the cost potentially prohibitive. Acute bioassays could be completed in situ using an ROV but these assays need to be repeated over time to be informative about the chronic and accumulative effects of mining waste discharge. The effects of SMS mining need to be continually assessed as part of a long-term monitoring programme (International Seabed Authority, 2010). Co-operation with the ISA in the monitoring of environmental impacts is explicit in the applications for both prospecting and exploration by contractors in the Area. Annual reports detailing the implementation and results of the monitoring programme are mandatory, ensuring impacts from mining are constantly reviewed and assessed (International Seabed Authority, 2010). The proposed mining at Solwara 1 in PNG is also subject to national requirements for monitoring programmes under the Environmental Act 2000, with Nautilus having developed a detailed plan both for baseline studies and subsequent monitoring (Gwyther, 2008b). Monitoring programs will utilise baseline data to measure any changes in the environment as a result of mining activity.