We assessed the involvement of the periodontal pathogen Aggregati

We assessed the involvement of the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans in the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient spontaneously hyperlipidemic (Apoeshl) mice. The mice were treated

intravenously with A. actinomycetemcomitans HK1651, S. mutans GS-5, or phosphate-buffered saline three times a week for 3 weeks and killed at 15 weeks of age. The areas P5091 chemical structure of the aortic sinus that were covered with atherosclerotic plaque were significantly larger in Apoeshl mice challenged with A. actinomycetemcomitans compared with S. mutans- or vehicle-challenged mice. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans challenge increased serum high-sensitive selleck chemicals C-reactive protein and lipopolysaccharide levels. Bacterial DNA was detected in the blood, heart, and spleen, but not in the liver. Furthermore, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and MCP-1 levels and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, LOX-1, HSP60, CCL19, CCL21, CCR7, and MCP-1 expressions in the aorta were significantly increased in mice challenged with A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest that systemic infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans

accelerates atherosclerosis in Apoeshl mice by exposing the whole microorganisms or their products, followed by initiating inflammation. Increases in proatherogenic factors may explain the aggravation of atherosclerosis by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection.”
“Background: Heterotopic ossification

is the ectopic formation of mature lamellar bone in nonosseous tissue. The prevalence of heterotopic ossification following combat injuries is much higher than civilian data would suggest. In certain cases, the aberrant bone formation can envelop major neurovascular structures in the lower extremity, leading to symptomatic neurovascular entrapment.

Methods: We describe five consecutive cases of heterotopic ossification leading to symptomatic neurovascular entrapment in the lower extremity as a result of blast trauma and present our method of patient MK-2206 assessment, preoperative planning, and surgical excision.

Results: Heterotopic bone was successfully excised without neurovascular injury in all patients. At a mean of twenty months (range, eight to forty-five months) postoperatively, all patients demonstrated continued improvement of their pre-excision function. All patients who had neuropathic pain had a decrease in the pain. Those with decreased joint motion regained motion once their wounds were stable. Sensory deficits resolved before motor deficits did. There was no recurrence of clinically relevant heterotopic ossification in this series.

Conclusions: Excision of heterotopic bone, particularly with concurrent neurovascular entrapment, can be associated with major short-term and long-term complications.

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