We focus on the receptor-ligand interactions that regulate the re

We focus on the receptor-ligand interactions that regulate the responses of these cells to porcine tissues and thus could be targets for immunomodulation.

Recent findings

Activation of human monocytes by pig cells is partly due to the incapacity of porcine ligands to bind to inhibitory receptors such as signal regulatory protein alpha.

Porcine UL16-binding protein 1 can functionally interact with human NK group 2D protein, thereby contributing to human NK cell activity. Transgenic pigs overexpressing human leukocyte antigen class E were generated. Cells from these pigs induced diminished NK-cell lysis, suggesting that human leukocyte antigen class E expression compensates for the inability of porcine ligands to bind www.selleckchem.com/products/shp099-dihydrochloride.html to the inhibitory CD94/NK group 2A receptor on human NK cells. A new concept for the modulation of antipig T-cell reactivity may result from the finding that porcine antigen-presenting cells that overexpress human negative Selleck ALK inhibitor costimulatory PD ligands also induce diminished responses of human T cells.

Summary

Disruption of stimulatory receptor-ligand interactions (e. g. by blocking antibodies or ‘knockout/down’ technologies) combined with transgenic overexpression of inhibitory ligands in porcine cells and tissues could be an effective approach to downregulate human antipig cellular

immune responses.”
“Objective: To investigate the usefulness of Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring as compared with conventional pH monitoring for detecting Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) episodes and apnea-related symptom association in preterm infants and neonates. Methods: Twenty-three infants (16 preterm and 7 term infants) in hospital, who underwent 24-h MII-pH monitoring, were studied retrospectively. selleck products GER indices and apnea-related symptom association were measured by both MII-pH and conventional pH based analysis. Results: Of the total 998 GER episodes assessed

by MII-pH monitoring, 407 (40.8%) were acidic and 590(59.1%) were weakly acidic. A total of 1689 GER episodes were detected by conventional pH based analysis and 270 (16%) were related to retrograde bolus movement. A total of 313 apnea-related symptoms were reported. Five patients had a positive symptom association: 3 by MII-pH, 1 by both MII-pH and conventional pH, 1 only by conventional pH. Conclusions: Addition of MII-pH monitoring to conventional pH monitoring improves the diagnostic yield of symptom association analysis in preterm infants and neonates with apnea-related symptoms. Conventional pH monitoring is still important in the era of impedance measurement.”
“Purpose of review

Although much has been written about the biology of regulatory T cells (Tregs), their characterization and role in xenotransplantation has been limited. This review summarizes the recent literature supporting a role for Tregs in the cell-mediated xenoimmune response.

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