We have demonstrated that the reduction in pathogenicity is attributable to the detachment of the germlings

on treatment with effective enzymes. In this study, MMPs were confirmed to be useful for protecting wheat from M. oryzae. Such a detachment effect by MMPs was also reported OSI-906 in Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype (Hyon et al., 2009) suggesting universality in filamentous fungi. We also demonstrated biological control for rice blast disease by employing detachment action with gelatinolytic bacteria (Shimoi et al., 2010). Further studies are needed to elucidate the particular substrate(s) of these enzymes in filamentous fungi. We are indebted to Professor Yukio Tosa, Kobe University, for providing M. oryzae (Br48), wheat seeds, and valuable suggestions. This research was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research B (No. 18380033) and by Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists B (No. 19780036) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,

and was also supported by The Plant Science Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Japan. “
“Phenotype-based Palbociclib mw screening of bacterial metagenomic libraries provides an avenue for the discovery of novel genes, enzymes, and metabolites that have a variety of potential clinical and industrial uses. Here, we report the identification of a functionally diverse collection of antibacterially active enzymes from the phenotypic screening of 700 000 cosmid clones prepared from Arizona soil DNA and hosted in Ralstonia metallidurans. Environmental DNA clones surrounded by zones of growth inhibition in a bacterial overlay assay were found, through bioinformatics and functional analyses, to encode enzymes with predicted peptidase, lipase, and glycolytic Resveratrol activities conferring antibiosis. The antibacterial activities observed in our R. metallidurans-based assay could not be replicated with the same clones in screens using Escherichia coli as a heterologous host, suggesting that the large-scale screening of metagenomic libraries for antibiosis

using phylogenetically diverse hosts should be a productive strategy for identifying enzymes with functionally diverse antibacterial activities. “
“Polyketides and nonribosomal peptides represent two large families of natural products (NPs) with diverse structures and important functions. They are synthesized by polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), respectively. Lysobacter enzymogenes is emerging as a novel biocontrol agent against pathogens of crop plants and a new source of bioactive NPs, such as antibacterial antibiotic WAP-8294A2 and antifungal antibiotic HSAF. Genome survey of strain OH11, a Chinese L. enzymogenes isolate, detected four novel PKS, NRPS or hybrid gene clusters, designed as cluster A to D.