Polyphenols from plants were known to present various biological activities such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Galunisertib purchase As

shown in Fig. 3, sequential enzyme treatment did not affect the content of polyphenols, showing a similar level to the control. Recently, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, and glucanase have been used to break the cell wall complex for the extraction of polyphenolics [32] and [33]. These enzymes were considered to disintegrate the plant cell wall matrix to facilitate polyphenol extraction [34]. However, our results did not exhibit a significant increase of polyphenols after enzymatic treatment on extract. The ginsenoside composition of red ginseng extracts is presented in Table 2. Rc was the most abundant in the control and Ultraflo L groups, but the other enzymatic treatment contained Rb1 as the highest ginsenoside. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rh2 and compound K were not detected in all extracts. A total ginsenoside content generated by Rapidase was the highest among the enzyme treatments by showing 167.35 mg/mL. The treatment of other enzymes did not show a significant increase in total ginsenoside contents. In particular, deglycosylated ginsenoside

metabolites such as Rh1, Rg5, Rk1, Rg2, and Rg3 were detected the most in Rapidase treatment. This result is correlated Decitabine nmr with the data (Fig. 1) showing a significant elevation of total sugar in Rapidase treatment, indicating that Rapidase allows the increase of deglycosylated ginsenosides by promoting the release of sugars linked to ginsenoside glycosides. Fig. 4 shows the contents of major ginsenoside contents. Contents of panaxadiols and panaxatriols in red ginseng extracts were also highest in Rapidase treatment (128.53 mg/mL and 32.36 mg/mL, respectively). Ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rg2, Rg4, Rh2, Rh3, Rh1, and Rh4 have been shown to have

special physiological activities: Rh2, Rh3, Rg3, and Rh1 have anticancer properties Methocarbamol without side effects; and Rg3 and Rg2 have antithrombus effects. However, these ginsenosides have some difficulties in availability because of low levels in ginseng [35]. Ginsenosides are usually metabolized by human intestinal bacteria to deglycosylated forms, which are more readily absorbed in the bloodstream and act as biologically active compounds [36]. Among these deglycosylated ginsenosides, Rg3 exerts many pharmacological activities such as tumor-suppressing [37], antimetastatic [38], anticarcinogenic [39], hepatoprotective [40], neuroprotective [41], and vasodilating effects [42]. However, the concentration of ginsenoside Rg3 is extremely low in normal ginseng [43]. Thus, the increase of ginsenoside Rg3 level would be very important for the development of health-oriented products. In addition, many studies have been performed, aiming at the increase of minor active ginsenosides such as Rg3 via conversions of major ginsenosides contained abundantly [16], [21] and [22].