Snus use was measured by the question: ��Do you use snus daily, o

Snus use was measured by the question: ��Do you use snus daily, occasionally, or not at all?�� Those who answered no were asked: ��Have you ever used snus?�� in a yes/no format. Based on these questions, we were able to identify dual use in accordance with a soundly based http://www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html proposal for definition recently put forward by Klesges et al. (2011); daily use of one product and at least weekly use of the other. Moreover, we could also identify groups with the combination of current exclusive use of one product and former use of the other. Exclusive and dual users of cigarettes and snus were asked to state their average number of cigarettes consumed per day (daily smokers) or per week (occasional smokers). When comparing smoking intensity across groups, daily consumption was computed into weekly consumption.

Significant differences between group means were identified with p values using independent t tests. People who had lifetime experience with both products were asked ��Which tobacco product did you start to use first��snus or cigarettes?�� with response categories ��cigarettes first,�� ��snus first,�� and ��at about the same time (within 3 months).�� Current dual users were asked how well three relevant motives for additional snus use (Gilljam & Galanti, 2003) described their situation: ��I use snus to (a) stop smoking completely, (b) reduce the amount of cigarettes I smoke, and (c) to replace cigarettes in places where smoking is allowed.�� Response categories ranged from 1 (apply fully) to 5 (do not apply at all).

In order to identify significant differences in motives for snus use between daily and occasional snus users, 95% CI were calculated. Exclusive smokers and dual users were asked Entinostat in a yes/no format if they had intentions to quit smoking within the next 6 months. Moreover, both groups were asked whether they perceived themselves to be smokers 5 years in the future. Response categories were as follows: definitely yes, probably yes, probably no, and definitely no. All data analyses were performed in SPSS version 19.1. Results The share of Norwegian men who reported daily or occasional use of cigarettes, but no other tobacco product, has declined from close to half in 1985 to below one in five in 2010. For the same period, the percent of exclusive snus users (daily or occasional) increased from 3% to 12%. The segment of dual users of cigarettes and snus has been stable (4%�C7%) for the whole period. The overall percentage of tobacco users decreased from 54.4% to 37% (Figure 1). Figure 1. Use (daily + occasional) of snus and cigarettes in Norwegian males aged 16�C74 for the period 1985�C2010. For the period 2005�C2010, 6.

The housekeeping gene GAPDH (Takara DR3702) was used as an endoge

The housekeeping gene GAPDH (Takara DR3702) was used as an endogenous control. The relative levels of FHL1 gene expression for each sample were calculated using the 2-ct method. Western-blot Antibodies against FHL1 were purchased from Sigma-Alorich (Sigma-Alorich, Saint Louis, USA; http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html monoclonal mouse, WH0002273M1). Aganglionic and ganglionic colon segments of HSCR samples and colon segments of newborn infants were frozen and lysed in buffer. The protein concentration of each lysate was determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit according to the manufacture’s protocol. Total protein (90��g) was applied to each lane on 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were washed in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.

1% Tween-20, and then incubated with primary antibody (diluted 1:2000) followed by secondary antibody (diluted 1:2000). Immunostained bands were detected with a ProtoBlot II AP System with a stabilized substrate (Promega, Madison, USA). GAPDH protein was used as internal control. Statistical analysis FHL1 expression values are expressed as mean��SEM. Data were analyzed with Student’s T test. P values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results Immunostaining of FHL1 in HSCR patients The HE and immunostaining of FHL1 in 4 HSCR colons and 4 normal colons were accomplished. Circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer were thickening at different extent in aganglionic and ganglionic segment of HSCR. Compared with normal colon the arrangement of circular muscle layer in aganglionic segment of HSCR was disorganized (Fig.

(Fig.1).1). Immunohistologic study revealed that in the ganglionic segment of HSCR, FHL1 was expressed in the ganglia cells in myenteric, submucosa, circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer. However in the aganglionic segment of HSCR we found expression levels of FHL1 in the circular muscle layer, submucosa, and longitudinal muscle layer (Fig.(Fig.11). Figure 1 Immunol staining of FHL1 in colon. A-C: HE staining in normal colon, ganglionic segment and aganglionic segment of HSCR. D-E: FHL1 staining illustrated that the expression was restricted to the ganglia cells in the myenteric, submucosa, longitudinal muscle … FHL1 gene expression in HSCR patients FHL1 mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed in 32 HSCR patients and 4 normal colons.

As revealed in Fig Fig2,2, the FHL1 mRNA relative expression in aganglionic colons was 1.06��0.49 (ganglionic colon relative expression level was 1) (P=0.44). FHL1 protein gray level relative to GAPDH in normal colons was 0.83��0.09. FHL1 expression level in ganglionic colon (1.66��0.30) or aganglionic colon (1.81��0.35) was significantly higher than that in normal colons AV-951 (P=0.045 and P=0.041, respectively).

Various structural and non-structural HCV proteins were shown to

Various structural and non-structural HCV proteins were shown to localize inside the ER lumen or integrated FTY720 manufacturer to ER membrane and to undergo ER-specific modifications [5], [6]. The ER is the cellular site for folding and modification of membrane-bound and secreted proteins. The flux of newly synthesized proteins into the ER is dynamic. Conditions of ER stress occur when the amount of proteins entering the ER exceeds its folding capacity. This imbalance induces a cyto-protective signaling cascade collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) [7], [8]. The mammalian UPR operates in several parallel pathways, whose sensors are IRE1, PERK and ATF6. When misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, IRE1 is activated by trans-autophosphorylation and splices the mRNA of XBP-1, which converts the unspliced XBP-1 (XBP-1u), a highly unstable protein into its spliced form (XBP-1s).

XBP-1s is a potent transcription factor responsible for the transcriptional activation of the majority of UPR target genes [9]. PERK, a second ER stress sensor, is activated in a similar fashion to IRE1 and is responsible for the modulation of protein synthesis in response to ER stress. Activated PERK phosphorylates eIF2�� and leads to general suppression of protein synthesis and activation of the integrated stress response [10], [11]. ATF6, the third sensor, operates both as a stress sensor and as a transcription factor. In response to ER stress, ATF6 translocates from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, where its N-terminus is released from the membrane by regulated intramembrane proteolysis [12].

Activation of the UPR leads to a coordinated and highly regulated response which improves the efficiency of protein folding, processing and export. In order to reduce protein load in the ER, the UPR attenuates the flow of proteins into the ER and decreases protein synthesis, while up-regulating the expression of chaperones. Finally, it removes misfolded proteins via activation of ER associated degradation (ERAD). The UPR is intimately linked to the apoptotic machinery. Both IRE1 and PERK, when strongly activated, lead to apoptosis [13], [14]. While acute ER stress conditions signal for cell death, chronic sub-lethal ER stress causes cellular adaptation and eventually resistance to apoptosis in a mechanism, which was suggested to involve modulation of mRNA localization and stability of UPR components [15].

It was previously shown that in cells stably expressing the HCV replicon, XBP-1 mRNA undergoes splicing, indicative of ER stress. However the expression of specific target genes downstream to XBP-1s responsible for enhanced degradation of misfolded Carfilzomib ER proteins was not elevated. These results suggested that HCV manipulates the IRE1-XBP-1 pathway of the UPR. It was further shown that ER stress develops in response to expression of specific HCV proteins such as the core protein E1, E2, NS2 and NS4B [16]�C[19].

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selleck kinase inhibitor Because positive effects of the intervention could be undermined by high levels of emotional distress resulting from the biomedical risk assessment (Lerman et al., 1997; McClure, 2001), we also monitored the emotional impact of the intervention as a secondary outcome. All outcomes were assessed immediately following the counseling and at 1-month postintervention. Methods Setting and participants All activities were reviewed and approved by the Group Health Institutional Review Board. Study enrollment began in March 2005 and ended September 2007. Smokers were recruited throughout western Washington State using a variety of outreach strategies including health plan records, data from the Washington State Quitline, and a purchased mailing list of smokers (McClure, Richards, Westbrook, Pabiniak, & Ludman, 2007).

Likely smokers were mailed a study invitation letter and then called to be screened for interest and eligibility. Ads also were placed in local media, public clinics, and other local venues. Interested smokers were invited to call to learn more and be screened for eligibility. Individuals eligible based on the phone screening were scheduled for an in-person appointment. Smokers were eligible if at the baseline appointment they were 18 years or older, could read and write in English, were not currently receiving cessation treatment, had no significant physical or mental impairments that prevented use of a computer or phone or impaired their ability to comprehend the counseling, and reported no medical contraindications for spirometry assessment (e.g.

, recent heart attack or chest surgery). Participation also was limited to smokers with elevated expired CO levels consistent with current smoking (��10 p.p.m.; SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification, 2002) and who either smoked an average of 15 cigarettes/day for the past year or smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day but had smoked for 10 years or more. The latter criterion was added to accommodate lighter smokers who had a significant history of smoking. Eligible smokers completed a computer-based survey and were automatically randomized to treatment. All participants were offered a free personalized health risk assessment and advice on changes they could make to improve their health. The intervention was presented as a free health screening, not as a smoking cessation program, and recruitment Entinostat materials emphasized that people did not have to be interested in quitting smoking to participate.

001, pn(F) < 0 001, Figure Figure4A) 4A) However, no difference

001, pn(F) < 0.001, Figure Figure4A).4A). However, no difference was observed between samples of unaffected colon and carcinoma tissue (paired, pCD = 0.471, pn(F) = 0.2783, Figure Figure4C4C). Figure 4 Statistical comparison of repertoire restriction degree measured in Vandetanib FDA CD and n(F). Compared were samples from blood with tissue (both normal colon and carcinoma, A), blood from healthy controls with blood from carcinoma patients (B), and tumor free colon … Comparison of elevated families in different compartments For 16 patients, samples of tumor and tumor free colon were available. In the carcinoma samples, altogether 30 families were elevated (0-5 families per patient). In the corresponding samples of unaffected colon tissue, 14 families were elevated (0-4 families per patient).

In only two of these patients a single family was elevated in both tumor tissue and corresponding unaffected colon. For nine CRC patients, blood and tumor samples were available. Four of these patients had elevated families in peripheral blood, but none of these families was elevated in the corresponding tumor sample. Please refer to figure figure44. Discussion In this study, TCR V��-family repertoire restrictions in blood and tissue of patients with colorectal carcinoma were compared using high throughput relative quantification of TCR V��-families based on qRT PCR technology. While a multitude of mathematical approaches have been established to describe the degree of repertoire restriction in single V-families from spectratype/immunoscope data (reviewed in [45]), to our knowledge, a model to describe global TCR repertoire restriction based on V-family quantification has not been published so far.

Colorectal carcinoma is thought to be of limited immunogenicity. Nevertheless, global V��-repertoire restriction degree in blood reflected by the CD and n(F) values was significantly higher in carcinoma patients confirming the results of former studies investigating V��-repertoire restrictions in blood of patients with other tumor entities, which have been interpreted as indication for the induction of specific clones reactive to autologous tumor [26,42]. In fact, this TCR repertoire restriction in tumor patients might be attributed to cumulative V��-alterations caused by discrete epitope-specific T-cell expansions triggered by several Batimastat different antigens. Because of the epitope-independency of the assay, unspecific antigen confrontation due to barrier disruption as postulated in the context of other tumor entities [28,32] causing additional repertoire alterations can not be excluded.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and methods A total of 99 patients

MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and methods A total of 99 patients (41 male and 58 female) certainly with DGR were undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) from September 2011 to March 2012 at Shanghai Tenth People��s Hospital, Tongji University. The diagnosis of DGR was based on the combination of the following arguments: a long history of gastric symptoms poorly responsive to prokinetics, mucosa-protective medicines, H2-blockers and/or proton-pump inhibitors (PPI), gastroesophageal reflux symptoms unresponsive to PPI, gastritis on upper GI endoscopy, and/or at histology, presence of a large amount of bile in the gastric cavity at > 1 endoscopic examination, pathologic at 24-h intragastric bile monitoring with the Bilitec device. The gastric juice was often lucidity or light yellow-green and/or associated mucosal change in these patients�� endoscopic images.

Before investigation, all patients were interviewed by the senior author for the presence of both upper abdominal symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, nocturnal cough and chest pain) and dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, epigastric pain, gassy or bloating feelings, vomiting). None of the patients had diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders, vascular diseases, collagen diseases, neoplastic diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. Acute cases and patients who had previously undergone gastrectomy or esophagotomy were excluded. As a control group, 70 consecutive patients (35 male and 35 female) who needed EGD for an annual medical check-up were enrolled.

None had undergone earlier esophageal, gastric or biliary surgery; and none had earlier gastrointestinal diseases or was on medication which would influence gastric acidity or motility. After this, all patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and found gastric juice was normal and the gastric mucosa was not damaged obviously under the macroscopic observation. The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of the Shanghai Tenth People��s Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Endoscopic study Endoscopic examination was performed to find the evidence of DGR in all patients using fiber optic gastroduodenoscopy (The GIF-H260 and Q260 endoscopes, Olympus Medical Systems Co., Tokyo, Japan). To ensure the most accurate results possibly, Cilengitide every patient was not taken any food or drink for 8-10 h before examination to allow a valid examination of the upper gastric intestinal (GI) tract and to lower the risk of vomiting. The doctor explained the test to everyone, including the possibility of biopsy and risks such as the need to remove polyps or other surgical procedures and asked to sign a consent form agreeing to the procedure.

There is evidence that IGF-1 enhances both renal blood flow and G

There is evidence that IGF-1 enhances both renal blood flow and GFR by stimulating IGF-1 receptors (25). Moreover, in vivo studies in animal models have shown that renal vasodilation induced by IGF-1 infusion was http://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html blocked by co-administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis (26). In endothelial cells, IGF-1, interacting with its receptor, induces NO biosynthesis and upregulates expression of endothelial NO synthase (27). In human aortic endothelial cells and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, IGF-1 receptors are more abundant than insulin receptors (28). It is therefore possible that the reduced eGFR that was observed in individuals with 1hPG ��155 mg/dl may be partially attributed to reduced activation of NO biosynthesis in renal vasculature as a consequence of lower IGF-1 levels.

Accordingly, we observed that the association between 1-hour postload hyperglycemia and CKD was abrogated after adjustment for IGF-1 levels, suggesting that kidney dysfunction may reflect an impairment in IGF-1 action. Finally, acute hyperglycemia 1 hour after oral glucose loading is closely associated with oxidative stress, which could promote renal damage via decreased production and availability of NO and accelerated formation of glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation products (28,29). The relatively large sample size, the inclusion of both genders, the homogeneity of the sample with detailed characterization of cardiometabolic variables, and the use of the new CKD-EPI equation to estimate GFR, which is more accurate at a higher GFR, are major strengths of this study.

Nevertheless, this study has certain limitations that require consideration. First, serum creatinine levels and estimated GFR were used to identify kidney function. Although gold standard methods to measure GFR (isotope clearance measurements) may provide a more sensitive estimate of renal function, they are very expensive procedures which are not feasible in large-scale studies. Thus, we believe that eGFR based on serum creatinine, as modified by the CKD-EPI group, and used in large epidemiologic studies for estimation of renal function (13), is reliable with relatively large data sets such as that analyzed in this study. Furthermore, it is possible that hyperfiltration associated with IGT may have masked declines in eGFR; however, that our results were unchanged when we excluded from the analysis individuals with IGT makes this possibility unlikely.

Unfortunately, we did not have information on microalbuminuria, which might have been a better marker of mild kidney disease. In addition, a single 75-g OGTT was used to measure glucose levels. These measures are subject to intraindividual variability, and this may have introduced some imprecision in the classification of participants that may affect the Drug_discovery results.

We found that WT FGF1 markedly increased the number of blood vess

We found that WT FGF1 markedly increased the number of blood vessels, whereas R50E was defective in this function (Fig. 5). Excess R50E reduced the number of blood vessels induced by WT FGF1. These findings suggest that R50E selleck chemical Enzalutamide suppresses angiogenesis induced by WT FGF1 in vivo. Figure 5 R50E suppresses angiogenesis in Matrigel plug assays in rat. R50E Suppresses Angiogenesis in Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model CAM is another widely utilized in vivo system to study angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis and it is easier to quantify angiogenesis in this assay than other assays. We placed saline- or FGF- impregnated filter disks on blood vessels in avascular sections of CAM (day 11) for 48 h to induce angiogenesis. The disks and underlying CAM tissue (day 13) were then harvested.

We scored angiogenesis by counting vessel branches present in the CAM tissue below the filter from digital images. We first determined optimum dose of wt FGF1 for angiogenesis (Fig. 6a, 6b). Five ng/ml of wt FGF1 was optimum. R50E (5 and 50 ng/ml) did not induce angiogenesis. We tested if excess R50E (50 ng/ml) suppresses angiogenesis induced by WT FGF1 (5 ng/ml). Notably, excess R50E suppressed angiogenesis induced by WT FGF1 (Fig. 6c). This suggests that R50E shows an anti-angiogenic action in this model as well. Since FGF1 binds to all known FGFRs (FGFR1-4), R50E is expected to suppress FGFR signaling induced by other members of the FGF family. We tested if R50E suppresses angiogenesis induced by FGF2. We found that this is the case: excess R50E suppressed angiogenesis induced by WT FGF2 (Fig.

6c). The data suggest that R50E suppresses FGF1- and FGF2-induced angiogenesis in the CAM model. Figure 6 R50E suppresses FGF1- and FGF2-induced angiogenesis (branching formation) in CAM models. Taken together, R50E was defective in inducing angiogenesis, and effectively suppressed angiogenesis in different in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis models. It is likely that R50E may indirectly suppress tumorigenesis in vivo through suppressing angiogenesis. Discussion R50E is an Anti-angiogenic Agent In the present study, we establish that R50E suppressed tumor growth in vivo while WT FGF1 enhanced it using cancer cells that stably express WT FGF1 or R50E. Since R50E showed little or no effect on proliferation of cancer cells in vitro, we hypothesized that R50E indirectly suppressed tumorigenesis through suppressing angiogenesis.

Excess R50E suppressed migration and tube formation of HUVEC, and suppressed angiogenesis in aorta ring assays and matrigel plug assays, suppressed angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays, which is induced by WT FGF1. Taken together, our results suggest that R50E suppresses angiogenesis induced by FGF1 and thereby may indirectly suppress tumorigenesis, in addition Cilengitide to its possible direct effect on tumor cell proliferation in vivo.

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board TABLE

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. TABLE 1 Correlation of serum HBV DNA, HDV RNA, and HBsAg levels and age with disease courses Detection of selleck chemicals Abiraterone original and novel dominant HDV strains and determination of variant-specific restriction sites. The original and novel dominant HDV quasispecies before (early time point) and after (late time point) serum ALT elevation were cloned from the sera of CHD patients. Detection of dominant viral strain RNA by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and PCR cloning were performed as previously reported (32). More than 10 colonies from each time point of each case were randomly selected, and their sequences were analyzed with an ABI 373A sequencer (Perkin-Elmer Cetus Corp., Norwalk, CT).

The sequences of the original and novel dominant HDV quasispecies were compared, and restriction enzymes that were able to differentiate these quasispecies were determined by large-scale screening as described in the following section. Identification and functional analysis of HDV RNA quasispecies. In order to have equal chances to detect all of the HDV quasispecies, the primers for RT-PCR were synthesized on the basis of the most conserved parts of the HDAg sequences of the original and novel dominant quasispecies. Primer 120 (5��-ATG CCA TGC CGA CCC GAA GAG GAA-3��) and primer 214 (5��-CTC AGG GGA GGG TTC TCC GAC A-3��) were synthesized according to the conserved region of the hepatitis delta antigen coding region.

The amplified PCR products derived from HDV-infected serum obtained at different time points were ligated into plasmid vector pCR2 (Original TA Cloning Kit; Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) and then transformed into competent Escherichia coli strain DH5�� (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (32). More than 100 HDV colonies from each case at each time point were randomly selected and subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) differentiation based on quasispecies-specific restriction enzyme digestion. The determination of quasispecies-specific restriction enzymes was based on comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of dominant HDV species obtained at the pre- and post-ALT elevation stages. For patient I (infected with HDV genotype 1), the 446-bp PCR products amplified with primers 214 and 120 were cut with restriction enzymes BlpI and HpyCH4V (TGCA), respectively.

The BlpI-cut PCR products of the original dominant species generated 200- and 246-bp fragments, while the PCR products of the novel dominant species could not be cut by restriction enzyme BlpI. Using the same method, the PCR products cut by HpyCH4V showed inverse results. For patient II (infected with HDV genotype 2), the PCR products cut by restriction enzyme FokI also gave two different RFLP Anacetrapib patterns.

In the present study, we found increased IL-6 expression in CECs

In the present study, we found increased IL-6 expression in CECs from mice with DSS-induced colitis (Fig. 1A) and demonstrated selleck chem inhibitor directly that IL-6 induced S100A9 expression in both CECs from mice with colitis and in a human IEC cell line (Fig. 1D, ,4B).4B). The activation of TLR4 leads to the induction of IL-6 through the NF-��B signaling pathway [50]. Although CECs express low levels of TLR4 under normal conditions, the expression of TLR4 and IL-6 is increased in CECs from patients with UC, as well as in leukocytes and ECs [12], [51], suggesting that intestinal ECs may produce IL-6 through TLR4 expression during inflammation [52]. Our results provide supporting evidence for the crucial role of IL-6 in the generation of colonic inflammation, as IL-6 blockade delayed disease onset and attenuated colitis-associated symptoms in DSS-treated mice (Fig.

2A). This finding is consistent with Atreya et al. [13], who demonstrated that the blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling suppressed T-cell resistance to apoptosis in intestinal inflammation. Collectively, IL-6 elicits colonic inflammation in various ways, such as by stimulating innate immune organs (i.e., epithelial barrier), inducing the differentiation of adoptive immune cells (i.e., Th17 cells), and enhancing T-cell survival. This evidence provides insight into IL-6 function in multiple steps of UC generation and suggests a rationale for therapeutic approaches using IL-6 blockades, which could be effective treatment modalities for patients with UC. However, IL-6 has a protective effect on enterocytes and IECs [14], [17], [53].

In the development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), the IL-6/STAT3 axis acts as an oncogenic signal cascade in CECs by promoting BCL-XL and cyclin D [14]. In addition, it has been known that patients with active UC had significantly more IL6 and p-STAT3-positive epithelial cells than both patients with inactive UC and controls [53]. Notably, mice lacking IL-6 (IL-6 null) or STAT3 in IECs show reduced CAC tumorigenesis but develop more severe DSS-induced colitis, with pronounced colonic ulceration and body weight loss, than do wild-type counterparts [14]. Tebbutt et al. [54] also showed that IL-6 null mice or those harboring the reciprocal mutation ablating STAT1/3 signaling show impaired colonic mucosal wound healing after DSS administration.

There are several possible explanations for the difference between our findings and the results of previous studies of the blockade of IL-6 signaling or STAT3 activation. It could stem from the use of knockout mice, the administration of the soluble receptor blocker Carfilzomib (sgp130Fc), or different methods of targeting the S100A9 molecule. In intestinal inflammation, S100A9 is an effector molecule that enhances TLR signaling [35] and recruits granulocytes [21], [22], [38], [47]. Thus, the blockade of this molecule can ameliorate disease severity in DSS-induced colitis (Fig. 5A�CC).