The scale bar represents substitutions per site NJ trees were co

The scale bar represents substitutions per site. NJ trees were constructed using mega 4.1 with 1000 bootstrap replications and Kimura 2-parameter as

a model selleck screening library of nucleotide substitution. All the termites from 14 populations representing two genera, and two families (seven Odontotermes horni, five Odontotermes spp. and two C. heimi colonies), screened initially for the presence of Wolbachia, using PCR assays with the wsp gene were found to be positive. At least one MLST gene was sequenced for all the 14 colonies (Table 1). Repeated failures to PCR amplify Wolbachia genes (MLST and 16S rRNA gene) resulted in incomplete profiles. Sequence typing was performed using the Wolbachia MLST database (http://pubmlst.org/Wolbachia/), which resulted in the assignment of full sequence type (ST) to four strains (Table 1). All of the alleles and allelic profiles characterized for the termite strains were new to the MLST database, except for B supergroup C. heimi Wolbachia (Table 1). Alleles were shared among some of the strains, showing their relatedness, but at the same time showing a distinct difference for other strains. The divergence among the strains accounted for 591 variable learn more sites (VI) out of 2079 sites (28.43%), with a concatenated alignment of all five Wolbachia MLST genes (Table 2). The gene hcpA showed the highest

nucleotide divergence with 154 variable sites out of 444 (34.38%), followed by fbpA with 128 variable sites out of 429 (29.83%) (Table 2). The average Ka/Ks per gene was found to be ≪1 (the average Ka/Ks across genes is 0.0933), which indicated strain evolution mainly by synonymous substitutions. This is compatible with a scenario of a strong purifying selection. Recombination

events were not indicated in either single gene or concatenated MLST dataset alignments (P<0.05) by MaxChi analyses. Phylogenetic reconstructions for all genes by both Bayesian inference and neighbor-joining methods showed similar results, and therefore only Bayesian phylogenetic trees were included. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the concatenated alignment Bay 11-7085 of hcpA, gatB, coxA, ftsZ and fbpA genes indicated a strong clustering of termite Wolbachia from this study with Wolbachia from bed bug Cimex lectularis and form a sister clade within F supergroup with different species of scorpion genus Opistophthalmus (Fig. 1). Two major clusters were observed for termite Wolbachia in the present study (MCT, W5, G29 and RA) (T1, T3, T21 and THYD) (Fig. 1). On the basis of single-gene analyses, all the strains consistently belonged to the same supergroup. All Odontotermes spp. harbored F supergroup Wolbachia, with the exception of a population from O. horni (T2). Two C. heimi colonies harbored two different supergroup Wolbachia. One of these (TERMITE3) belonged to supergroup F, whereas the other (TLR) belonged to supergroup B (Table 1, Fig. 2).

Virtually as a one-man show, he conducted phase II

Virtually as a one-man show, he conducted phase II ZD1839 mw and phase III studies on the efficacy of a P. aeruginosa flagella vaccine and lately he strongly pursued the concept of using nitric oxide (NO) inhalation therapy in CF patients, to help disperse P. aeruginosa biofilms in the lung. Gerd Döring was the President of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society from 1998 to 2006, and thereafter until his death, the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. During these fifteen years, Gerd organized European Consensus Conferences that resulted in guidelines for the early intervention and prevention of lung disease, clinical trials, and the management of nutrition and infections. The first

consensus paper was published in 2000 on the antibiotic therapy against P. aeruginosa in CF. Gerd Döring was a very creative and inspiring scientist with a distinct sense of humor and a knack for nonconformity, which did not always facilitate his own academic career in Germany, but greatly helped him with international networking. Many of his publications are the fruit of international collaborations that he initiated. In discussions, Gerd could reach high-flying objectives and conclusions, often leaving his own ground staff puzzled. But when he was grounded

again, with his hard-working attitude, he got do-able things done and this is amply reflected by his list of over 200 scientific publications. Apart from science, the company of Gerd was always enjoyable as he was fond of good wines and food, classical music, and his vintage car, a Citroën 15 familiale, DAPT solubility dmso which he used on special

occasions. Gerd was sorry that he had to leave so early – his wife Cornelia, his two sons, his friends, and his work and projects – but found comfort in looking oxyclozanide back on a life well spent and on a scientific oeuvre fully recognized by his peers. “
“The aim of this study was to examine the filament formation and differential gene expression of Listeria monocytogenes 08-5923 grown on refrigerated vacuum-packaged ham products with various NaCl concentrations. Filament formation of L. monocytogenes was observed on ham products with 1.35% and 2.35% NaCl, which was monitored using flow cytometry by measuring forward light scatter. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to study the differential expression of genes in filamented cells of L. monocytogenes grown on hams following 2 or 3 months of storage at 4 °C. The genes involved in cell division (ftsX/lmo2506), cell wall synthesis (murZ/lmo2552), and NADPH production (gnd/lmo1376) were significantly downregulated in filamented cells of L. monocytogenes grown on ham with 2.35% NaCl stored at 4 °C. To our knowledge, this study reports the first evidence of filament formation of Listeria grown on meat products, which could impact the food safety risk and tolerance levels of L. monocytogenes set by regulatory agencies.

Study information was provided and informed consent sought prior

Study information was provided and informed consent sought prior to interview. A semi-structured interview schedule was developed focusing on self-care prior to seeking advice, reasons for selecting pharmacy support over other healthcare providers, views and experiences of pharmacy management and likely actions for future skin problems. Interviews took place approximately ten days following initial pharmacy presentation, were digitally recorded and

transcribed GPCR Compound Library ic50 verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using the framework approach to identify key and recurrent themes. Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Review Panel of the School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences at Robert Gordon University. Twenty-five clients were interviewed (14 seeking advice for themselves and 11 for their children). Only a few clients described self-care prior to presenting to the pharmacy. Key themes influencing selection of pharmacy support were: professional advice and reassurance; triage to general practitioner (GP)

care if warranted; convenience and accessibility; inaccessibility of the GP care; perceived non-serious nature of the condition. Clients also acknowledged the familiarity and trust in the pharmacist to be an important influence, ‘[they] can tell you there and then what it is or near enough what it is or what it might be’, ‘I think it’s easier to have an almost a more open conversation with a pharmacist than a doctor’. Minor ailment schemes were also valued, ‘it’s quick, it’s easy and it Metformin avoids making unnecessary appointments really taking up time and sitting in waiting rooms’. Few concerns were noted; these were centred on lack of privacy ‘people

can see who you are when you go in … like it’s pretty obvious if you have to go into the consultation room and potential Methamphetamine for misdiagnosis, ‘I suppose they’re [pharmacists] just as much at risk of misdiagnosing especially in a short space of time and…they don’t have the personal history of that person’. Almost all felt positive about the pharmacy managed care they received and would seek pharmacy advice for their future skin problems and recommend to friends or colleagues. Results suggest that clients with undiagnosed skin problems seek advice from pharmacies for reasons of professional advice, accessibility, familiarity, trust and the perceived non-serious nature of the conditions. Pharmacy supported self-care is in line with NHS policy to improve access to treatment and reduce GP workload2. Study limitations include the potential for recruitment bias and data generation within one geographical area of England which may reduce generalisability of findings. Further research focusing on health outcomes of pharmacy based dermatology services is warranted. 1. Department of Health. Pharmacy in England. Building on strengths – delivering the future.

salmonis In this context, and considering that key virulence gen

salmonis. In this context, and considering that key virulence genes that distinguish pathogenic bacteria are generally carried on transmissible selleck genetic elements (Hacker et al., 1997), it would not be surprising if the genomic complexity of P. salmonis included other types of MGEs, a feasible alternative that our laboratory is currently investigating. In summary, this is the first description of a putatively functional IS in the genome of P. salmonis. Our results reveal that ISPsa2 shares high similarity to previously described ISs – specifically to IS240

elements, which are members of the IS6 family. As shown in Table 2, our new IS shares the key features that distinguish the IS6 family elements, such as length, IR size and END sequence. The putative transposase encoded within ISPsa2 (Tnp-Psa) carries conserved motifs that are also found in other transposases (Fig. 2). The presence of a putative promoter region in frame with Tnp-Psa in ISPsa2 strongly suggests a regulated

self-expression for the IS and may represent a preliminary indication of the high genomic plasticity of this fish bacterial pathogen. Additionally, the ISPsa2 sequence appears to be in other strains of the pathogen, or at least in three isolates obtained from epizootics in 2010 (Fig. 3). This work was GSK2118436 supplier supported by Innova Corfo grant 05CT6IPD-22 to S.M., C.C. and V.H. and by Conicyt (Beca Nacional de Doctorado) to F.G. “
“We report the effect of glutathione and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assayed by a nitro blue tetrazolium reaction, on the antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin,

gentamicin and chloramphenicol in Staphylococcus aureus 22 resistant to ciprofloxacin Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase and gentamicin, and in S. aureus ATCC 29213 sensitive to the above three antibiotics. The association of glutathione with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin significantly reduced the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in resistant S. aureus 22, measured using the macrodilution method, with a concomitant increase of intracellular ROS and a decrease of extracellular ROS. However, glutathione did not induce modifications in MIC or ROS generated by chloramphenicol. Furthermore, in the sensitive S. aureus ATCC 29213, the association of glutathione with ciprofloxacin, gentamicin or chloramphenicol did not induce any significant variations of MIC or ROS. There was a correlation between the stimulus of intracellular ROS and the decrease of MIC caused by exogenous glutathione. According to the results obtained, it is possible to modify the sensitivity of resistant strains of S. aureus by the addition of exogenous glutathione.

The practice pharmacist

The practice pharmacist selleck products may be akin to a clinical pharmacist working within a hospital setting, performing a combination of clinical, administrative and medication safety duties, but tailored to the primary-care setting. Others perceived it as an extension of the current consultant pharmacist role, with a greater focus on medication review and education. Overall, it appeared that the role would

be multifaceted, with different models and scopes of practice suiting different clinics, depending on the nature and needs of the individual practice. The barriers to and facilitators for integration are consistent with the international literature.[21, 24] Slow uptake by GPs and other operational challenges were similarly mentioned. Some GP participants expressed their concerns with introducing yet another member into their practice without adequate evidence of need, and GPs in our study explained this in light of the slow initial uptake of practice nurses into Australian general practices. Local evidence was preferred by GPs to support this new role. Although Australian evidence is sparse, new research is emerging focusing on inter-professional collaboration between GPs and pharmacists[25] and the co-location of pharmacists in general practices.[26] Some participants felt GPs may feel threatened Cabozantinib cost by this new role, an opinion shared by

GPs in international studies.[14, 22] The reluctance to allow pharmacists to be more involved may be the result of a poor understanding of their training, a barrier mentioned by some participants and

elicited from other studies.[27] This highlights the need for inter-professional education and the development of collaborative working relationships. A variety of funding models were suggested, including models specific to the current Australian healthcare setting such as government subsidised programmes. This includedreimbursement for pharmacists as part of existing MBS primary-care items such as Chronic Disease Management (CDM) items like team care arrangements (TCAs). Using and building on current HMR funding may be viable depending Etofibrate on the pharmacist’s role. These potential funding mechanisms are advantageous within the Australian context given their existence for other health professionals.[28] Alternatively, salaries, which practice pharmacists overseas commonly receive, could be implemented similarly to how practice nurses and other allied health staff are currently remunerated in Australian general practice.[29] Previous studies have highlighted the reluctance of some GPs to allow pharmacists to access patient medical records, most feeling patient confidentiality would be compromised.[14, 22] The majority of participants in our study, however, felt that full access to patient medical records was a necessity for the pharmacist in order to provide optimal care.

The RNA probe was transcribed in the presence of [35S]-uridine 5′

The RNA probe was transcribed in the presence of [35S]-uridine 5′-[α-thio]triphosphate (specific activity 1000–1500 Ci/mmol;

New England Nuclear, Boston, MA, USA). In situ hybridization was carried PI3K inhibitor out as described (Hurd, 2003) by applying the labelled probe to the brain sections at a concentration of 2 × 103 cpm/mm2 of the coverslip area overnight at 55°C in a humidified chamber. Two adjacent sections from each subject were studied. The slides were then apposed to Imaging Plates (FUJIFILM Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) along with 14C-standards (American Radiolabelled Chemicals, St Louis, MO, USA). Films were developed with a phosphoimaging analyzer (FLA-7000), and images were analyzed using the MultiGauge software (FUJIFILM Corporation). We have adopted the nomenclature of Paxinos & Franklin (2001) to describe the organization of the developing mouse brain. In addition, we have relied on the nomenclature introduced by Bons et al. (1998) for the adult mouse lemur to identify brain areas in the developing grey mouse lemur brain. Cyclopamine supplier A comprehensive list of abbreviations of neuroanatomical structures can be found in supporting Table S1. Recent findings demonstrate that scgn is

a CBP identifying neurochemically heterogeneous subsets of neurons in adult rodent, primate (Mulder et al., 2009b) and human forebrain (Attems et al., 2007). However, it remains unknown whether scgn is expressed during neurodevelopment. We assessed scgn mRNA levels in the mouse cerebral cortex (including hippocampus; Fig. 1A) and amygdaloid complex (Fig. 1A1) by qPCR analysis (supporting Fig. S1) during mid- and late-gestation, and in neonates. We established that pallial scgn mRNA expression was robust by E14.5, Teicoplanin whilst moderate to low between E16 and P2 in the developing mouse neocortex and hippocampus (Fig. 1A). In contrast, scgn mRNA levels in the amygdaloid complex remained largely stable until birth with a marked decline being apparent after P1 (Fig. 1A1). Within the framework of the Human Protein Atlas program (Uhlen et al., 2005; Mulder et al., 2009a), we have generated antibodies to

> 8000 proteins, including a polyclonal antibody recognizing a phylogenetically conserved scgn epitope (Mulder et al., 2009b). Here, we confirmed that this antibody recognized a single protein target in samples prepared from neonatal mouse forebrain that is identical in size to that seen in adult brain (Fig. 1B; supporting Fig. S2), and corresponds to scgn’s calculated molecular weight of 32 kDa (http://www.ensembl.org). We explored whether scgn is expressed in the developing central nervous system at the protein level by detecting scgn protein upon loading fetal and neonatal forebrain lysates (40 μg/lane) on denaturing SDS-PAGE (Fig. 1C). The developmental dynamics of scgn mRNA expression suggest that this CBP may be transiently expressed by select cell populations in the fetal brain. Alternatively, scgn+ cells may be born by ∼E14.

Furthermore, in the rare cases with para-aortic lymph node metast

Furthermore, in the rare cases with para-aortic lymph node metastases and negative pelvic nodes, cancer dissemination is most commonly confined to the high para-aortic area (67%).[16] Also, patients with pelvic node metastases selleck chemical may have occult aortic node involvement, with a rate of para-aortic dissemination higher than commonly reported. Todo et al.[32]

investigated the occurrence of occult metastases (i.e. micrometastases and isolated tumor cells) in the para-aortic area in patients with stage IIIC1 EC who underwent pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Ultra-staging was performed by multiple slicing, staining and microscopic inspection of the specimens. The authors Fluorouracil in vivo found that 73% of these patients had occult aortic node involvement. Although the role of micrometastases is not fully understood, the presence of microscopic occult disease in the para-aortic area should be considered even in stage IIIC1 EC or in those patients with documented pelvic lymph node invasion and no known information regarding the para-aortic area. These findings

indicate that para-aortic lymph node invasion is very common when pelvic lymph node metastases are demonstrated. Also, in the majority of patients with para-aortic lymph node invasion, the area above the IMA is involved. Table 2 shows the overall risk of para-aortic and high para-aortic Amino acid lymph node metastasis in EC. Sentinel lymph node mapping is

an accepted way to assess lymphatic spread in several solid tumors (i.e. breast cancer, vulval cancer and melanoma) and is gaining ground in cervical cancer and EC.[33-35] SLN biopsy can be considered a compromise between comprehensive surgical staging and the complete omission of lymphadenectomy. In an ideal world, SLN mapping should be as good as a systematic lymphadenectomy in the identification of patients with lymph node dissemination, while reducing the morbidity associated with an extensive surgical procedure. Although the complexity of uterine lymphatic drainage may discourage use of this procedure, the estimated accuracy rate is, in general, reasonably good.[36-39] The prospective multi-institutional SENTI-ENDO study suggested that in stage I and II EC patients, SLN biopsy has a sensitivity of 84%.[40] Moreover, ultra-staging of the SLN may be even more sensitive than a full lymphadenectomy, with lymph nodes evaluated by conventional pathology.[35, 41] However, we still do not know the clinical importance of isolated tumor cells discovered in a lymph node that is negative by traditional histological analysis. Recently, a paper from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, describing one of the largest prospective single-institution cohorts, showed that applying an SLN mapping algorithm may be a safe and effective alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy.

Furthermore, in the rare cases with para-aortic lymph node metast

Furthermore, in the rare cases with para-aortic lymph node metastases and negative pelvic nodes, cancer dissemination is most commonly confined to the high para-aortic area (67%).[16] Also, patients with pelvic node metastases PS-341 mouse may have occult aortic node involvement, with a rate of para-aortic dissemination higher than commonly reported. Todo et al.[32]

investigated the occurrence of occult metastases (i.e. micrometastases and isolated tumor cells) in the para-aortic area in patients with stage IIIC1 EC who underwent pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Ultra-staging was performed by multiple slicing, staining and microscopic inspection of the specimens. The authors Target Selective Inhibitor Library datasheet found that 73% of these patients had occult aortic node involvement. Although the role of micrometastases is not fully understood, the presence of microscopic occult disease in the para-aortic area should be considered even in stage IIIC1 EC or in those patients with documented pelvic lymph node invasion and no known information regarding the para-aortic area. These findings

indicate that para-aortic lymph node invasion is very common when pelvic lymph node metastases are demonstrated. Also, in the majority of patients with para-aortic lymph node invasion, the area above the IMA is involved. Table 2 shows the overall risk of para-aortic and high para-aortic MG-132 lymph node metastasis in EC. Sentinel lymph node mapping is

an accepted way to assess lymphatic spread in several solid tumors (i.e. breast cancer, vulval cancer and melanoma) and is gaining ground in cervical cancer and EC.[33-35] SLN biopsy can be considered a compromise between comprehensive surgical staging and the complete omission of lymphadenectomy. In an ideal world, SLN mapping should be as good as a systematic lymphadenectomy in the identification of patients with lymph node dissemination, while reducing the morbidity associated with an extensive surgical procedure. Although the complexity of uterine lymphatic drainage may discourage use of this procedure, the estimated accuracy rate is, in general, reasonably good.[36-39] The prospective multi-institutional SENTI-ENDO study suggested that in stage I and II EC patients, SLN biopsy has a sensitivity of 84%.[40] Moreover, ultra-staging of the SLN may be even more sensitive than a full lymphadenectomy, with lymph nodes evaluated by conventional pathology.[35, 41] However, we still do not know the clinical importance of isolated tumor cells discovered in a lymph node that is negative by traditional histological analysis. Recently, a paper from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, describing one of the largest prospective single-institution cohorts, showed that applying an SLN mapping algorithm may be a safe and effective alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy.

Mid-level ‘intentions in action’ represented in the anterior infe

Mid-level ‘intentions in action’ represented in the anterior inferior parietal and the ventral prefrontal cortices, though likely to

be inaccurate at first, appear to be important across skill levels and may play an important role in guiding such practice, perhaps contributing to the high fidelity of human social learning (the ‘ratchet effect’: Tomasello, 1999; Tennie et al., 2009). The effect of Toolmaking complexity in the anterior inferior parietal lobule in particular suggests that this phylogenetically derived (Peeters et al., 2009) region may have played a key role in human technological evolution 2.6–0.5 million years ago. This research was funded by European Union project HANDTOMOUTH. We thank Bruce Bradley for http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html acting as the expert demonstrator, DZNeP research buy and Stefan Vogt and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments. Abbreviations BA Brodmann area fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging PET positron emission tomography Fig. S1. Handaxes produced (a–c) by Trained subjects, (d) by the expert demonstrator, and (e) from the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 500 000 years

ago) site of Boxgrove, West Sussex, UK. Fig. S2. Local brain activity in Oldowan–Control (left) and Acheulean–Control (right) irrespective of subject expertise (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). To more directly compare current results with previous FDG-PET studies of Oldowan and Acheulean tool-making execution, we examined separate contrasts of Oldowan and Acheulean tool-making with the Control. This yielded activations of left ventral premotor cortex in both contrasts (Oldowan: −56, 8, 22; Acheulean: −58, 10, 32), and of right pars triangularis in the Acheulean (46, 36, 4) but not Oldowan contrast. This directly matches results from second the execution of Oldowan

(ventral premotor cortex: −52, 6, 28) and Acheulean (ventral premotor cortex: −52, 6, 28; pars triangularis: 48, 34, 10) tool-making (Stout et al., 2008; Table 2). Fig. S3. Local brain activity in Oldowan–Control for Naïve (left), Trained (centre) and Expert (right) subjects (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). Fig. S4. Local brain activity in Acheulean–Control for Naïve (left), Trained (centre) and Experts (right) subjects (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). Table S1. Brain activity in response of the observation of Oldowan compared with Control stimuli, common to the three groups (minimum statistic conjunction) and by subject expertise (exclusive masking). All results are FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20. Table S2. Brain activity in response of the observation of Acheulean compared with Control stimuli, common to the three groups (minimum statistic conjunction) and by subject expertise (exclusive masking). All results are FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20. Video S1. Examples of Control, Oldowan and Acheulean stimuli used in the experiment. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors.

Mid-level ‘intentions in action’ represented in the anterior infe

Mid-level ‘intentions in action’ represented in the anterior inferior parietal and the ventral prefrontal cortices, though likely to

be inaccurate at first, appear to be important across skill levels and may play an important role in guiding such practice, perhaps contributing to the high fidelity of human social learning (the ‘ratchet effect’: Tomasello, 1999; Tennie et al., 2009). The effect of Toolmaking complexity in the anterior inferior parietal lobule in particular suggests that this phylogenetically derived (Peeters et al., 2009) region may have played a key role in human technological evolution 2.6–0.5 million years ago. This research was funded by European Union project HANDTOMOUTH. We thank Bruce Bradley for PD-0332991 order acting as the expert demonstrator, Selleckchem Cabozantinib and Stefan Vogt and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments. Abbreviations BA Brodmann area fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging PET positron emission tomography Fig. S1. Handaxes produced (a–c) by Trained subjects, (d) by the expert demonstrator, and (e) from the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 500 000 years

ago) site of Boxgrove, West Sussex, UK. Fig. S2. Local brain activity in Oldowan–Control (left) and Acheulean–Control (right) irrespective of subject expertise (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). To more directly compare current results with previous FDG-PET studies of Oldowan and Acheulean tool-making execution, we examined separate contrasts of Oldowan and Acheulean tool-making with the Control. This yielded activations of left ventral premotor cortex in both contrasts (Oldowan: −56, 8, 22; Acheulean: −58, 10, 32), and of right pars triangularis in the Acheulean (46, 36, 4) but not Oldowan contrast. This directly matches results from 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase the execution of Oldowan

(ventral premotor cortex: −52, 6, 28) and Acheulean (ventral premotor cortex: −52, 6, 28; pars triangularis: 48, 34, 10) tool-making (Stout et al., 2008; Table 2). Fig. S3. Local brain activity in Oldowan–Control for Naïve (left), Trained (centre) and Expert (right) subjects (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). Fig. S4. Local brain activity in Acheulean–Control for Naïve (left), Trained (centre) and Experts (right) subjects (FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20). Table S1. Brain activity in response of the observation of Oldowan compared with Control stimuli, common to the three groups (minimum statistic conjunction) and by subject expertise (exclusive masking). All results are FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20. Table S2. Brain activity in response of the observation of Acheulean compared with Control stimuli, common to the three groups (minimum statistic conjunction) and by subject expertise (exclusive masking). All results are FDR P < 0.05, extent k > 20. Video S1. Examples of Control, Oldowan and Acheulean stimuli used in the experiment. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors.