2 However, more recent studies have clearly demonstrated that only AML carrying CEBPAdm (but not CEBPAsm) represent a distinct entity. [80], [85], [86], [87] and [88] This view is supported by the following observations: i) in several clinical trials only AML with CEBPAdm emerged as an independent prognostic factor for favorable outcome; ii) only CEBPAdm was mutually exclusive with NPM1 mutations (that also define a provisional entity in the 2008 WHO classification); iii) only CEBPAdm AML exhibited a distinct gene expression signature. How can we explain that AML with CEBPAdm has buy MDV3100 a better outcome than AML with

CEBPAsm? This is probably due to the fact that concomitant mutations (e.g. NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations) are virtually not detectable in AML with CEBPAdm. Based on the above considerations, only AML with CEBPAdm (but not CEBPAsm) should be regarded as Selleckchem Bortezomib a separate entity in a future formulation of the WHO classification and as a prognostic category in the current risk classification. 24 Multilineage dysplasia can be observed in CEBPAdm AML but does not appear to impact significantly on the biological, cytogenetic and prognostic features of this leukemia subtype. 89 These findings further support the view that, if CEBPAdm AML presents with multidysplasia changes, it

should be categorized as a distinct entity (CEBPAdm AML) according to its mutation status rather than being included (as currently suggested) in the category of “AML with myelodysplasia-related changes”. 89 Prognosis of AML with CEBPAdm is moreless similar to that of NPM1-mutated AML without FLT3-ITD. 24 Accordingly, no allogeneic HSCT is usually recommended for AML with CEBPAdm in first complete remission. However, it should be underlined that such a recommendation is only inferred from indirect evidence, because through no demonstration has been so far provided that CEBPAdm AML does not benefit from an allogeneic HSCT. Because the CEBPAdm cases represent only a small percentage of CN-AML, clarification of this

issue will require meta-analyses and large intergroup trials. This group of mutations includes those affecting the IDH1, IDH2, DNMT3A and TET2 genes. With the exception of TET2 mutations, all other mutations have been identified by massively parallel sequencing. The prognostic impact of these mutations still remains investigational. The NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) genes encode for cytosolic enzymes that catalyze a reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. They appear to function at a crossroads of cellular metabolism in lipid synthesis, cellular defense against oxidative stress, oxidative respiration, and oxygen-sensing signal transduction. 90 IDH1 mutations: They were first discovered by massively parallel sequencing of the entire genome of the leukemic cells and matched normal skin from a patient with CN-AML.

Die Körnerzellschicht liegt am tiefsten und enthält eine außerordentlich große Ganetespib Anzahl an dicht gepackten Interneuronen, die sogenannten Körnerzellen.

Die Purkinje-Zellschicht besteht aus einer einzigen Schicht von Zellkörpern von Purkinje-Zellen. Die Molekularschicht enthält unmyelinisierte Axone in hoher Dichte, die als Parallelfasern bezeichnet werden. Die Purkinje-Zellen werden als einer der ersten Neuronentypen in der Kleinhirnplatte gebildet, während die Körnerzellen aus der äußeren Keimschicht entstehen. Die Körnerzellen wandern zunächst durch die Molekularschicht, dann durch die Purkinje-Zellschicht bis in ihre endgültige Position im erwachsenen Gehirn und bilden die innere Körnerzellschicht. Informationen erreichen die Purkinje-Zellen über die Körnerzellen, wobei die Axone der Körnerzellen, also die Parallelfasern in der Molekularschicht, auf den Dendritendornen der Purkinje-Zellen exzitatorische Synapsen ausbilden. Die Dichte

der Körnerzellen this website liegt bei etwa 80 Zellen pro 0,1 mm3. Die Zellen sind extrem klein (4-6 μm Durchmesser) und es finden sich selten Astrozyten in ihrer Nachbarschaft. Das Verhältnis zwischen Kern- und Zytoplasmavolumen in diesen Zellen ist hoch. Die Gesamtzahl der Körnerzellen beträgt 9,2 x 107[172] and [173], die Anzahl der Purkinje-Zellen liegt zwischen 2,78 x 105[172] und 5,5x 105[174]. Darüber hinaus wurde berichtet, dass auf jede Purkinje-Zelle etwa 274 Körnerzellen kommen [175]. Körnerzellen sind kleiner, und ihr geringes

Zytoplasmavolumen könnte ein wichtiger Schlüssel zum Verständnis ihrer Vulnerabilität gegenüber MeHg-bedingter Schädigung sein. Dies bedeutet nämlich, dass es weniger Bindungsstellen für Quecksilber gibt, so dass bei einer Exposition die kritische MeHg-Konzentration im Bereich empfindlicher Stellen früher erreicht ist. Für die Zytoskelettproteine, insbesondere die Mikrotubuli, ist die Entfernung zwischen der äußeren Zellmembran und dem Kern sehr klein, und es kann spekuliert werden, dass selbst eine begrenzte Depolymerisierung der Mikrotubuli tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf den Metabolismus der Zellen Montelukast Sodium und die Aktivität der Mitochondrien hat. Während einer MeHg-Exposition besteht eine erhöhte Notwendigkeit, Proteine durch Proteinsynthese zu ersetzen. Dies wiederum erfordert eine effiziente Funktion der Mitochondrien bei gleichzeitiger Aufrechterhaltung der intrazellulären GSH-Balance. Dazu sind nicht nur bestimmte Enzyme nötig, sondern auch ein ausreichender intrazellulärer Gehalt an Selen, da einige dieser Enzyme Selenoproteine sind. Wie bereits betont wurde, hat Quecksilber eine deutlich höhere Affinität für Selen als für Schwefel, und es kann zu Situationen kommen, in denen Selen aus diesen Selenoproteinen extrahiert wird und stattdessen an Quecksilber bindet.

A similar strategy was shown for bacteria to prevent both grazing and virus encounter rate (Weinbauer & Osimertinib molecular weight Höfle 1998), while Cochlan et al. (1993) argued that the numerical dominance of the virioplankton community by small viruses occurs because larger viruses are produced at relatively slower rates and/or are degraded at higher rates. Moreover, in highly eutrophic freshwaters phagotrophic protists, including flagellates and ciliates, are strictly controlled by larger zooplankton (Stoecker & Capuzzo 1990). Thus, viruses as well as bacteria

are partially released from protist pressure. Consequently, it is possible that a larger size fraction of viruses can became dominant in such an environment (Weinbauer 2004). The dominance of relatively NVP-BKM120 larger size class phages in the Curonian Lagoon supports this scenario. The widely accepted assumption that the majority of viruses are phages is based on their morphology and size, as well as on correlations with abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria (Proctor & Fuhrman 1990, Wommack et al. 1992). Moreover,

the abundance and diversity of viruses depend on the density and activity of host cells (Murray & Jackson 1992) and on the seasonal dynamics of environmental variables (Lymer et al. 2008). If these changes favour the domination of specific host species, an increase in viral abundance and their role in the regulation of host populations (Jacquet et al. 2002) and a decrease in viral morphological (but not necessarily genetic) diversity can be expected. The total number of viruses (1.91×107 ml−1 to 5.06×107 ml−1), taken as a single parameter, did not reveal any likely associations with hosts (either with total bacterial abundance or with chlorophyll a) and was homogeneous in the lagoon. However, the overall predominance of myoviruses and a positive, strong correlation between Myoviridae and chlorophyll a was observed (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). In the manner of a correlation between

variables ( Boehme et al. 1993), these results imply that myoviruses are an active component of the plankton community at least at a particular time of the annual succession. The virus to bacteria ratio (VBR) is considered an Bumetanide important variable, indicating the potential importance of viruses in the control of bacterial abundance and has been shown to be higher in freshwater and more nutrient-rich environments. The average VBR for the Curonian Lagoon was 28.2 and did not differ greatly from the average ratio reported for freshwaters (Maranger & Bird 1995). In most cases VBR values remain consistent over changes in bacteria and virus abundance (Hara et al. 1991). Therefore, it is a useful variable for obtaining an overall impression of possible interactions between viruses and the host community.

, 1999 and Sanders and Baron-Szabo,

2005). Colony shape plays an obvious role in aiding sediment runoff and hemispherical to columnar species have been found to be efficient passive shedders (Bak and Elgershuizen, 1976, Dodge and Vaisnys, 1977, Stafford-Smith, 1993 and Riegl, 1995). Branching species retain little sediment, and many poritids are indeed very sediment-tolerant; however, some acroporids are inefficient sediment rejecters and do not appear well adapted to sedimentation despite an apparently advantageous growth form (Stafford-Smith, see more 1993). Thin, stick forms such as Madracis mirabilis or Acropora cervicornis are ideally suited passive shedders. Both species have little surface available for sediment accumulation and staghorn corals

have polyps that are widely separated, further reducing the chance of sediment clogging ( Meyer, 1989). Another efficient design for passive sediment rejection is the thin, platy and upright growth habit exhibited by Agaricia tenuifolia in shallow water. Only a small area is present at the top of each plate for sediment accumulation. This MK1775 form, coupled with an erect growth habit, is very effective in letting sediment slide passively from the colony ( Meyer, 1989). Gorgonians (Octocorallia), especially sea whips, were found to be among the most tolerant species to sediment-loading and

dredging-induced turbidity in Florida ( Marszalek, 1981). Five species of gorgonians in the highly sedimented waters of Singapore showed growth rates ranging from 2.3 to 7.9 cm yr−1, which are comparable to published growth rates from non-sedimented environments ( Goh and Chou, 1995). Riegl, 1995 and Riegl and Bloomer, 1995 and Schleyer and Celliers (2003) triclocarban found in zooxanthellate soft corals, which are generally inefficient and passive sediment shedders, that ridged morphology maintained sediment-free areas and thus maintained photosynthetic efficiency which allowed these corals to persist in relatively sand-laden environments. In scleractinian corals, calyx size, orientation, and degree of meandrisation have been found to correlate in some species with rejection efficiency (Hubbard and Pocock, 1972, Rogers, 1983, Johnson, 1992, Stafford-Smith, 1993, Philipp and Fabricius, 2003, Sanders and Baron-Szabo, 2005, Rachello-Dolmen and Cleary, 2007 and Sorauf and Harries, 2010); however, such relationships appear to be dependent on sediment size (Riegl, 1995). A counter-intuitive mechanism of passive sediment rejection is that of funnel-shaped corals (Acropora clathrata and Turbinaria peltata) occurring in turbid, but also high-energy environments. Riegl et al.

Slides were evaluated www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html using a Leica DMR upright microscope equipped for epifluorescence microscopy. ST sections were stained for TH immunoreactivity (IR) using nickel enhancement and slides were scanned as 600 dpi, 8 bit grayscale tiff images

using a CanoScan8400F flatbed scanner with automatic settings disabled. One section at the level of the anterior commissure (−0.26 mm from Bregma) was chosen from each brain for fiber density measurement. Using Fiji software (http://imageJ.nih.gov/ij), each ST was outlined using the freehand tool, processed to correct for background and brightness, converted to a binary image and the number of pixels in the ST determined as a measure of TH-IR fiber density. ST fiber density data are expressed as a percentage of injected vs control ST for each treatment group. Sections of SN were stained for TH-IR without nickel enhancement. For the dose response study, the number of TH-IR neurons was counted in both injected and control SNs in one section from each brain at the level of the medial terminal nucleus accessory optic tract (−5.3 mm from Bregma) using Neurolucida software (Micro Bright Field Biosciences). selleck products For the efficacy study, unbiased stereology was used to determine the total number of TH-IR neurons in each SN. Seven sections at similar anterior to posterior levels were chosen throughout

the anterior-posterior extent of the SN in every brain. The number of TH-IR cells was counted in injected and control SN using StereoInvestigator™ software (Micro Bright Field Biosciences). Parameters were as follows: grid size (80×80), frame size (175×175), guard zones (3 μm), optical dissector height (10 μm). The Gundersen coefficient of error was ≤0.07 for TH neuronal counts in the

control SN and ≤0.11 for Sclareol TH neuronal counts in experimental SN. For both counting methods, only large TH-IR neurons (greater than ~15 μm in diameter) were counted to avoid counting interneurons or dying neurons. Histology images were collected using a Retiga 4000R digital camera on a Leica DMR upright microscope. Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to compile multi-photo plate figures. Data were analyzed using Prism software. Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVAs followed by Dunn’s post hoc tests were used to compare treatment groups for forelimb behavior analysis. All other data were analyzed using a parametric one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests. Statistically significant differences were set at p≤0.05. Data are expressed as mean±SEM. This study was supported by the Department of Defense Neurotoxicology Program (NO06079001) and NIH grants (NS31957 and NS054989 to M.C.B. and T32 NS041234 to C.E.K.), the Harry F. and Elaine M. Chaddick Foundation and the Medical Research Institute Council of Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago. The University of Pennsylvania Viral Vector Core is acknowledged for AAV production. The technical assistance of Jianping Xie and Brian Corstange (Ann and Robert H.

For instance, it is well established that heart development is sensitive Selleck FDA approved Drug Library to nutrition and hormonal changes during early life [28] and [51]. Results from the literature showed that obesity in early life leads to cardiac hypertrophy mainly due to increased cell size and protein synthesis. Consequently, the development of myocardial energy metabolism

and function impairment is associated with heart failure in adulthood. For instance, recent data from our group showed association between insulin signaling cascade impairment and cardiac hypertrophy in obese rats overnourished in early life [26] and [28]. Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide released from the stomach bound to the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) [22]. This hormone has been associated with several metabolic processes in different tissues. The most widely find more known functions of ghrelin are the ability to increase GH secretion and stimulatory

effect on food intake and adiposity [10], despite the fact that ghrelin has been found reduced in obese individuals when compared to lean subjects [8]. This hormone has also been associated with modulation of metabolism in different tissues, including the heart. Ghrelin which was initially described in the hypothalamus, has been found in rat ventricles, atria, aorta, coronary and carotid arteries [13]. Different authors suggest that ghrelin may have an autocrine/paracrine function in cardiovascular tissues mainly associated with myocardial contractility, vasodilatation, and anti-inflammatory

effects. In addition, the cardiovascular action of the peptide in obese patients includes decreasing of blood pressure through central mechanisms and increasing of cardiac output without affecting heart rate. The direct vascular actions of ghrelin are diverse and seem to differ between species and vasculature of different organs. In clinical investigations ghrelin showed vasodilator characteristic: it increased forearm blood flow when given intraarterially [32] and reversed the constrictor effect cAMP of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vitro on endothelium human mammary artery rings [20] and [52] and also induced vasodilation in phenylephrine-constricted perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed [27]. Indeed, vasoconstrictor effect of the ghrelin was studied, researchers found tone-dependent vasoconstrictor effect of ghrelin on human mesenterial and guinea-pig renal and femoral arterioles only when vessels were previously stimulated with ET-1 [14], [18], [33], [34] and [35]. It has been suggested that by restoring plasma ghrelin levels the organism may obtain cardiovascular protective effects as dilate peripheral blood vessels, constrict coronary artery, improve endothelial function, as well as inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis [56].

05), on other hand, temperature increase caused an increase in molecular weight and powder darkening ( Table 2). The temperature increase found powder with lower final moisture content and increased outlet air drying temperature, thus chitosan polymerization occurred due to bonding of chitosan chains and consequently Etoposide in vitro the powder darkening. This shows that inlet air drying temperatures of 100 °C and 110 °C cause alterations in chitosan characteristics. Similar behavior was obtained by Srinivasa et al. (2004) in drying of chitosan films in different conditions, they showed that temperature increase from 80 °C to 100 °C caused darkening in chitosan films,

and attributed this behavior to Maillard reaction. Wachiraphansakul and Devahastin (2007) in spouted bed drying of okara showed that the temperature increase caused darkening in the powder, increasing oxidation level and decreasing the protein solubility. Therefore, the best operation condition BAY 73-4506 nmr in spouted bed for chitosan drying was with inlet air drying temperature of 90 °C in a slot-rectangular spouted bed. In this condition, polymerization and darkening

of chitosan powder does not occur. In addition, fine powder with commercial moisture content, deacetylation degree 85% and faint yellow coloration was obtained. Chitosan powder with these characteristics can be used in dye adsorption (Piccin et al., 2009), edible films (Aider, 2010) and membranes (Torres, Aimoli, Beppu, & Frejlich, 2005). Chitosan powder obtained in the best drying condition was characterized according TG and DTG curves, FT-IR analysis and SEM. Fig. 2 shows TG and DTG curves of chitosan powder. To determine the temperature ID-8 ranges in relation to hydration percentages, organic material decomposition and

waste, DTG curves were used, related to the first differentiate thermogravimetric curve (Cestari, Vieira, Santos, Mota, & Almeida, 2004). TG and DTG demonstrate that under an atmosphere modified by N2 (Fig. 2) chitosan mass loss occurred in three steps. The first mass loss step, from about 25 °C to 175 °C concerns the loss of water, which is adsorbed both on the surface and in the pores of the chitosan (Cestari et al., 2004). The decomposition of the chitosan is observed from about 175 °C to 400 °C. A carbonization of material was observed at 400 °C. Thus chitosan powder obtained in spouted bed had high thermal stability. Fig. 3 shows FT-IR analysis of chitosan powder. In Fig. 3 chitosan characteristics peaks can be observed. A strong band in 1556 cm−1 shows a typical chitosan amino group (–NH2). In 1640 cm−1 an axial deformation of C O (amide band I) can be observed. The weak bands in 1020 cm−1 and 1080 cm−1 are related to C–N links, and in 2933 cm−1 primary amine stretching can be observed. These peaks are involved with functional chitosan amino group. In addition, in 3470 cm−1, hydroxyl groups linked in chitosan structure can be observed.

, 2010). Conversely, the ventromedial ATL has strong connections with visual processing regions in ventral posterior temporal cortex (Binney et al., 2012) and shows greater activation when participants make semantic decisions to pictures relative to words (Visser et al., 2012). This visual semantic bias suggests that a C > A effect might be expected in this area, since concrete words are more strongly associated with visual experiences. It is also important to note that other parts of the ATL are equally responsive to all meaningful stimuli, no matter which modality they are presented in. PET and recent distortion-corrected

fMRI studies have identified an area in the inferior temporal and fusiform gyri (which we

term here the ventral ATL) that responds equivalently to spoken words, written words, pictures and non-verbal sounds AZD6244 order (Spitsyna et al., 2006, Vandenberghe et al., 1996 and Visser et al., 2012). Hypometabolism in this region has been linked to multi-modal semantic deficits in patients with semantic dementia (Butler et al., 2009 and Mion et al., 2010) and it has been proposed that the ventral ATL acts as a multi-modal convergence GSK458 molecular weight “hub” that integrates information from modality-specific sites across the brain to form conceptual representations (Binney et al., 2012 and Patterson et al., 2007). While a number of recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated activation in ventral ATL for concrete concepts (Peelen and Caramazza, 2012, Robson et al., 2014, Visser et al., 2012 and Visser and Lambon Ralph, 2011), we

are not aware of any studies reporting activation in this area for abstract words. This may be Tacrolimus (FK506) in part due to susceptibility artefacts that make it difficult to obtain reliable signal in this area with standard, gradient-echo fMRI (Devlin et al., 2000 and Visser et al., 2010). While special steps can be taken in image acquisition and processing to combat this problem (e.g., Embleton et al., 2010 and Halai et al., 2014), the vast majority of fMRI studies do not do so and have reduced sensitivity to activation in the ventral ATLs. It is important to address the question of ventral ATL involvement in abstract concepts because, in common with much of the literature on semantic cognition, implemented computational models of the hub theory have focused exclusively on concrete concepts (Lambon Ralph et al., 2007 and Rogers et al., 2004). As a consequence, Shallice and Cooper (2013) have recently proposed that a separate system is required to meet the different challenges of representing abstract concepts. Furthermore, some researchers have proposed that ATL atrophy in semantic dementia primarily affects visual feature knowledge and, as a consequence, has a disproportionate effect on understanding of concrete words (Bonner et al., 2009 and Libon et al., 2013).

The trial was performed in live animals and in human cadaver models. Experiments were conducted under institutional review board approval. The live animal model was intended to evaluate quality of the tissue obtained with CB as well as bleeding times and compare those of FNA results. The human cadaver model was intended to assess handling of the device with EUS equipment in the human anatomy. The comparator for all experiments was FNA. The cryosurgical equipment used for this study consisted of a cryogen (carbon dioxide) console with an 18-gauge cryoprobe (Erbe, Tübingen, Germany) (Fig. 1). The cooling system is based on the Joule-Thompson effect, whereby the cooling agent

DAPT manufacturer is applied under high pressure (57 bar at room temperature) through the central canal of the probe. The gas is delivered through an inner tube located in the other sheath of the probe. The nozzle of the inner gas delivery tube has a diameter of 60 μm and is located in the tip of the probe, which concomitantly serves as a gas expansion chamber. Because of the sudden difference in pressure, the gas expands, resulting in a cooling effect at the tip of the probe. The gas emitted cools the tip of the probe to −35°C. The cryoprobe used in our experiments is a novel prototype with an 18-gauge diameter that

resembles an injection needle with a ridge. The ridge incises the tissue before advancing the probe forward into the target tissue. For biopsy extraction, the probe is inserted into the working channel of the endoscope and is advanced into the target tissue under EUS guidance.

Once the probe is correctly placed, freezing of the probe is activated. find more The tip of the cryoprobe is cooled to -35°C after activation. Because of the cryoadhesive effect, the frozen tissue remains adherent at the probe’s tip and can be extracted by manual retraction of the probe. There is a positive correlation between biopsy size and freezing time. The biopsy size for the given organ has been determined experimentally before this study was started and was chosen not to be larger than the inner diameter of the oversheath to allow retrieval of the biopsy specimen through the oversheath. The freezing time was standardized in Glutamate dehydrogenase every group and set to 2 seconds. The probe together with the biopsy specimen is then pulled back into an oversheath and withdrawn through the working channel of the endoscope. The stiffness of the probe is not altered when carbon dioxide is delivered. Pancreatic biopsy specimens were obtained in 4 anaesthetized pigs under laparotomy control to assess bleeding time associated with each technique. CB was tested as direct puncture with the probe (CB-1) and in conjunction with different specimen retrieval sheaths (1.6-mm sheath, group CB-2; 1.75-mm sheath, group CB-3; 2.53-mm sheath, group CB-4; and via transduodenal puncture (group CB-5), resulting in 5 CB biopsy groups. FNA and TC biopsies also were obtained from each animal.

At some corner compartments, Re~1000Re~1000

for the square tank, Re~600Re~600 for the ‘J’-type tank. At the start of each experiment, the tank was filled with clear water, and then a dilute methylene blue dye solution (concentration of 0.1 mg/l) was pumped into the tank via the inlet. Images were taken at a rate of 7.5 frames per second by Dabrafenib an Allied Vision Dolphin machine vision and saved as a BMP file every 100 frames. Matlab Image Processing Toolbox was employed to analyse these images. The experiments involved measuring the fraction of initial water in each compartment that is flushed out when water is injected into the tank. With the help of the inclined mirror, the camera captured a plan view of the tank. Dye water was injected into the tank (see Kamada et al., 2004). An optical method was used to assess

the mass of dye within this website each compartment based on the classical absorption theory of Lambert–Beer (see Cenedese and Dalziel, 1998, Rahim et al., 2010, Zeng et al., 2010 and Suhling et al., 2001). The image processing was based on the principle that the depth integrated dye concentration in water can be related to the intensity of light passing through the water and the distance travelled by the light in the water. The dye concentration in the water at point (x  ,y  ) can then be related to the change in light intensity through equation(17) CI(x,y)=∫0lC(x,y,z)dz=f(logI0(x,y)I(x,y)),where l   is the distance in the z  -direction that the light travels in the water, I  0 is the light intensity after the light travels through clear water, and I   is the light intensity after the light travels through dye water. The function f  (x  ) is determined by a series of calibration tests for fixed l  . The volume averaged flushed fraction in compartment [i  ][j  ] is equation(18) C[i][j](T)=∫A[i][j]CIdA∫A[i][j]CI,ηdA,where CI,ηCI,η is the depth integrated GABA Receptor dye concentration when compartment [i][j] is completely filled with dye water, calculated from (17), and A[i][j] is the base area of compartment [i][j]. The main point was to determine

the fraction of initial fluid in each compartment that is removed, as a function of time. The diagnostic tools defined in Section 2.2 to analyse the model predictions were applied to analyse the experimental data. For images captured from the experiments, each compartment from the plan view was individually masked so that its time series (18) could be evaluated. We estimated T1/2,[i][j]T1/2,[i][j] by interpolating C[i][j]C[i][j] to determine when C[i][j]=0.5C[i][j]=0.5. We estimated α1/2,[i][j]α1/2,[i][j] by linearly regressing C[i][j]C[i][j] with T   over the interval |C[i][j]−0.5|≤0.1|C[i][j]−0.5|≤0.1 and identified α1/2,[i][j]α1/2,[i][j] proportional to the slope of the curve. The major experimental measurement errors are caused by masking and calibration.