2009; Farrell et al.

2013) and policy sectors (Haas 2004). Individuals in different ‘silos’ may have different interests (e.g. different {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| policy sectors), and understandings (e.g. different disciplines), resulting in different motives for producing and using knowledge. Without integrated cross-sectoral and multi-level policy approaches, action required to address biodiversity issues will be hindered (e.g. Kay and Regier 2000; Fairbrass and Jordan 2004). It seems critical that any recommendations to improve science-policy communication also promote interdisciplinarity on the science side and cross-sectoral integration on the policy side. To move forward from silo thinking in both science and policy, we linked theoretical observations with the experiences of over forty individuals directly engaged in science-policy dialogue. Methods Three sequential approaches were used to synthesise experiences and identify recommendations: a literature review, interviews and a workshop. First, a literature review was carried out to identify key challenges to science-policy dialogue, and existing ideas and recommendations. We focused on literature from the biodiversity conservation and environmental management literature as well as from science and technology studies. Challenges and recommendations from these sources were collated and used to inform topics and ideas discussed in semi-structured

interviews with scientists Methane monooxygenase and policy-makers. Second, semi-structured interviews were used to explore Selleckchem FG-4592 experiences, views and perceptions of individuals involved in science-policy communication. The ideas from the literature informed a topic guide (see Supplementary material), that was used flexibly according to interviewee experiences and interests, and was iteratively updated based on previous interviews.

Our interviews comprised four parts. First, we aimed to understand the role and background of interviewees. Second, we explored interviewees’ experiences of accessing and communicating scientific knowledge. Questions were adapted according to the current focus of interviewees’ work (based on the first part of the topic guide). For example, those Vorinostat solubility dmso interviewees working more in the policy sphere were asked about their experiences of accessing information, whereas those interviewees working more in the scientific sphere were asked about their experiences of communicating scientific knowledge. Third, we explored interviewees’ perceptions of current knowledge in biodiversity and ecosystem services, and its uptake (again, the focus was slightly adapted depending on the role of interviewees as identified in the first part of the topic guide). Lastly, we explored issues of dialogue and co-construction. We conducted a total of 25 semi-structured interviews in the summer of 2011 with a range of individuals working at the science-policy interface.

Cell culture and animal studies have previously shown that alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing breast cancer by increasing the ability of breast cancer

cells to invade and metastasize [7, 8]. Alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner; the risk increases by 10% for each alcoholic drink consumed daily [7–9]. Thus, consumption of two daily alcoholic drinks may lead to a 20% increase in breast cancer risk [8]. A drink is defined as 12 oz of beer or 5 oz of wine [8]. Studies also show that alcohol may increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence in previously diagnosed women, which may affect their survival [10]. Therefore, in order to develop strategies for the prevention and treatment of alcohol-related breast cancers, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol promotes the invasive phenotype of the XAV-939 manufacturer cancer cells. In this study, we show that alcohol promotes the invasive ability of human breast cancer T47D cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and show that the Nm23-ITGA5 pathway plays a critical role in the promotion of cancer cell invasion by alcohol. Metastases suppressing genes encode proteins that hinder the establishment of metastases

without blocking the growth of the primary tumor [11]. Two such genes are the human Nm23 genes (Nm23-H1 and Nm23-H2) which have been localized to chromosome 17q21 Sepantronium ic50 and encode 17 much kDa proteins that use its nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase [12], histidine kinase [13], and exonuclease activities [14] to inhibit multiple metastatic-related

processes. Mutants that disrupt the NDP kinase and exonuclease functions of Nm23 still suppress metastasis to varying degrees, suggesting complex and overlapping roles in metastasis regulation [15]. In this report, we focus only on Nm23-H1. Overexpression of Nm23-H1 in tumor cells reduces tumor cell motility and invasion, promotes cellular differentiation, and inhibits anchorage-independent growth and adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, and vascular endothelial cells [16, 17]. While Nm23 works to prevent the spread of breast cancer, ITGA5 produces an integral membrane protein that increases the metastasis of breast cancer cells [18]. ITGA5 is found on chromosome 12q11-q13 and encodes integrin alpha-5, a fibronectin receptor protein [19]. Through binding to fibronectin, an extracellular glycoprotein, ITGA5 facilitates cellular growth and migration [18, 20]. Integrins associate with adaptor proteins, cytoplasmic kinases and transmembrane growth factor receptors to XMU-MP-1 trigger biochemical signaling pathways [21]. Overexpression of ITGA5 leads to increased cellular adhesion and interaction with fibronectin, resulting in promoted tumor metastasis [18]. In the present study, we report, for the first time, the effects of alcohol on the Nm23-ITGA5 pathway and show that regulation of this pathway is important for in vitro cellular invasion of T47D human breast cancer cells.

Specific antigen detection by immunofluorescence Detection of 20-kDaPS and PIA by immunofluorescence was performed, as previously described [7, 70]. Briefly, overnight Ilomastat mw cultures of S. epidermidis strains in TSB were diluted 1:100 in 2 mL fresh medium and incubated for Temsirolimus 18 h at 37°C with shaking. After brief vortex, bacterial suspensions were adjusted to approximate absorbance578 0.2 (Spectrophotometer, Novaspec Plus) and aliquots (10 μL per well) were applied to immunofluorescence slides (CA Hendley Essex Ltd, Essex, United Kingdom). Slide preparations were air-dried, fixed

with cold acetone and stored at 4°C until use. Aliquots (20 μL per field) PIA or 20-kDaPS antisera diluted 1:50 in PBS were applied

to slides which were incubated for 30 min at 37°C. After washing three times with PBS, 10 μL of fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (Sigma, UK) diluted 1:80 in phosphate buffered saline were applied, and slides were incubated for 30 min at 37°C. After washing, they were mounted using Vectashield and viewed with a Zeiss AxioImager fluorescence microscope fitted with an AxioCam MR3 camera. Specific antigen detection by ELISA ELISA for polysaccharide detection PFT�� datasheet was performed as previously described [17]. Briefly, antigens, bacterial cells or polysaccharide, were applied on a 96-well flat bottom high binding ELISA plate (Greiner) and incubated overnight at 4°C. Afterwards, plates were blocked by BSA and incubated with 20-kDaPS or PIA antisera for 1 h at 37°C. Peroxidase H-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma Chemical Company, St

Louis, MO, USA), diluted 1:2,000 was added for 1 h. Color was developed by adding 100 μL/well SureBlue TMB Microwell Peroxidase Substrate (KPL). After incubation for 15 min at room temperature in the absence of light, the reaction was terminated with 100 μL/well of 1 M H2SO4 and measured at absorbance450. ELISA was also performed, as previously described, on 96-well tissue culture plates (Nunc) with similar MAPK inhibitor results. PIA isolation Isolation of PIA antigen was performed, as previously described [6], with slight modification. Briefly, S. epidermidis 1457 was grown for 22 h at 37°C with shaking at 100 rpm/min in 900 mL of TSBdia, prepared by dialysis of 100 mL of 10-fold-concentrated TSB against 900 mL of water. Bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation and were suspended in 20 mL of PBS. The antigen was extracted by sonicating cells four times for 30 sec on ice (Branson Digital Sonifier). Cells were removed by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C, and extracts were clarified by centrifugation for 60 min at 12,000 rpm. The extracts (20 mL) were filter sterilized, dialyzed against 50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.

62 mV, negative enough to make a stable dispersion. Thus, we succeeded in preparing the BSB-Me nanocrystals stable in aqueous dispersion and with homogenous particle size and morphology. Selleck FK228 Figure 2 SEM image of the BSB-Me nanocrystals and their average particle size. SEM image of BSB-Me nanocrystals (a) and average particle size obtained by measuring the size of particles from SEM picture (b). The counted number of particles was n = 211. The average particle size was 67 ± 19 nm. Figure 3 Average particle size and ζ -potential

of BSB-Me nanocrystal water dispersion. Photographic images of the BSB-Me nanocrystal dispersion with and without fluorescence are shown in Figure 4. Blue-green fluorescence was observed in the nanocrystal dispersion when it was excited at 365 nm using a UV lamp (SPECTROLINE®, Spectronics Corp., Westbury, NY, USA). Absorption spectra measurements of the BSB-Me THF solution and the aqueous BSB-Me nanocrystal dispersion revealed a blue shift of the maximum absorption peak of the nanocrystal dispersion (λ max = 307 nm) compared with that of the THF solution (λ max = 359 nm) (Figure 5). Varghese et al. reported that the absorption blue shift in distyrylbenzene single crystals occurs in H-aggregates of herringbone-forming

systems, where the long molecular check details axes are oriented in parallel. However, the short axes are inclined to each other, thus minimizing π-π overlap. Hence, this side-by-side intralayer orients the transition dipole moments that constitute the main optical absorption else band of distyrylbenzene (S0 → S1), leading to a blue shift compared with in solution [31]. The blue shift of the BSB-Me nanocrystal may occur by the same mechanism. Kabe et al. also reported that BSB-Me single crystals have a quasi-planar conformation because of a lack of steric repulsion. This planar structure induces strong supramolecular interactions, which cause the molecules to arrange layer by layer into the well-known herringbone

structure [6]. This herringbone forming should affect the click here emission from the nanocrystals. The emission spectrum of the nanocrystal state showed a red shift (λ max = 466 nm) compared with that of the solution state (λ max = 415 nm) (Figure 6). This means that the red shifted emission occurred with suppressed high-energy features and a small radiative rate, in other words, indicating the presence of intermolecular interaction in the solid-state aggregated environments, as explained by Varghese et al. [31] and Kabe et al. [6]. The peak wavelength of the excitation spectra of the nanocrystal dispersion (λ max = 308 nm) and the THF solution (λ max = 359 nm) almost corresponded to those of the respective absorption spectra (Figures 5 and 6). Figure 4 Imaging pictures of BSB-Me nanocrystal water dispersion with (a) and without (b) fluorescence. Figure 5 Absorption spectra of BSB-Me THF solution (a) and BSB-Me nanocrystal water dispersion (b).

Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: results of the Dialysis Patients’ Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study. J Am Soc see more Nephrol.

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function as a ferritin iron source for cultured human erythroid precursors. J Cell Biochem. 2008;103:1211–8.PubMedCrossRef 34. Coulon S, Dussiot M, Grapton

D, Maciel TT, Wang PH, Callens C, Tiwari MK, Agarwal S, Fricot A, Vandekerckhove J, Tamouza H, Zermati Y, Fludarabine cell line Ribeil JA, Djedaini K, Oruc Z, Pascal V, Courtois G, Arnulf B, Alyanakian MA, Mayeux P, Leanderson T, Benhamou M, Cogné M, Monteiro RC, Hermine O, Moura IC. Polymeric IgA1 controls erythroblast proliferation and accelerates erythropoiesis recovery in anemia. Nat Med. 2011;17:1456–65.PubMedCrossRef 35. Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1011–23.PubMedCrossRef 36. Eschbach JW. Anemia management in chronic kidney disease: role of factors affecting epoetin responsiveness. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1412–4.PubMedCrossRef 37. Otaki Y, Nakanishi T, Hasuike Y, Moriguchi R, Nanami M, Hama Y, Izumi M, Takamitsu Y. Defective regulation of iron transporters leading to iron excess in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:1030–9.PubMedCrossRef 38. Hasuike Y, Nonoguchi H, Ito K, Naka M, Kitamura R, Nanami M, Tokuyama M, Kida A, Otaki Y, Kuragano T, Nakanishi T. Interleukin-6 is a predictor of mortality in stable hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 2009;30:389–98.PubMedCrossRef 39. Ludwiczek S, Aigner E, Theurl I, Weiss G. Cytokine-mediated regulation of iron transport in human monocytic cells. Blood. 2003;101:4148–54.PubMedCrossRef 40.

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light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 279:50366–50374. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M408477200 CrossRefPubMed Schütz K, Happe T, Troshina O, Lindblad P, Epacadostat order Leitao E, Oliveira P, Tamagnini P (2004) Cyanobacterial H2 production—a comparative analysis. Planta 218:350–359. doi:10.​1007/​s00425-003-1113-5 CrossRefPubMed Seibert M, Flynn T, Benson D, Tracy E, Ghirardi M (1998) Development of selection/screening procedures for rapid identification of hydrogen-producing algal mutants with increased oxygen tolerance. In: Zaborski OR (ed) Biohydrogen: proceedings of the international conference of biological hydrogen production. Defactinib cost Plenum Publ Corp, New York Shevela D, Su JH, Klimov V, Messinger J (2008) Hydrogencarbonate is not a tightly bound constituent of the water-oxidizing complex in photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:532–539. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bbabio.​2008.​03.​031 CrossRefPubMed Shima S, Thauer RK (2007) A third type of hydrogenase catalyzing H2 activation. Chem Rec 7:37–46. doi:10.​1002/​tcr.​20111 CrossRefPubMed Shima S, Pilak O, Vogt S, Schick M, Stagni MS, Meyer-Klaucke W,

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DQ received his B.S. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering from Xiamen University, Batimastat Xiamen, China, in 1951. He has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Radio-Based Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Zhejiang University, China, since 1953. Acknowledgements This work is

supported by the Program 973 (no. 2013CB632102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61176117), and the Innovation Team Project of Zhejiang Province (no. 2009R5005). References 1. Paniccia M, Morse M, Salib M: Integrated photonics. Top Appl Phys 2004, 94:51–88.CrossRef 2. Cheng CH, Lien YC, Wu CL, Lin GR: Multicolor electroluminescent Si quantum dots embedded in SiO x thin film MOSLED with 2.4% external quantum efficiency. Opt Express 2013, 21:391–403.CrossRef 3. Pavesi L, Negro LD, Mazzoleni C, Franzò GF, Priolo F: Optical gain in silicon nanocrystals. Nature 2000, 408:440–444.CrossRef 4. Jin L, Li D, Yang D, Que EPZ015666 clinical trial D: SBI-0206965 clinical trial modulation effect of microstructures in silicon-rich oxide matrix on photoluminescence from silicon nanoclusters prepared by different fabrication techniques. Appl Phys A 2012. doi:10.1007/s00339-012-7496-z. 5.

Lin G-R, Lin C-J, Lin C-K, Chou L-J, Chueh Y-C: Oxygen defect and Si nanocrystal dependent white-light and near-infrared electroluminescence of Si-implanted and plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition-grown Si-rich SiO before 2 . J Appl Phys 2005, 97:094306.CrossRef 6. Lin G-R, Pai Y-H, Lin C-T, Chen C-C: Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiN x and SiO x based light-emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96:263514.CrossRef 7. Wang F, Li D, Yang D, Que D: Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiN x light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures. Opt Express 2013, 21:846–854.CrossRef 8. Liu J, Sun X, Kimerling LC, Michel J: Direct-gap optical gain of Ge on Si at room temperature. Opt Lett 2009, 34:1738–1740.CrossRef 9. Li D, Zhang X, Jin L, Yang D: Structure and luminescence evolution of annealed Europium-doped silicon oxides

films. Opt Express 2010, 18:27191–27196.CrossRef 10. Jin L, Li D, Xiang L, Wang F, Yang D, Que D: The modulation on luminescence of Er 3+ -doped silicon-rich oxide films by the structure evolution of silicon nanoclusters. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:34.CrossRef 11. Kik PG, Brongersma ML, Polman A: Strong exciton-erbium coupling in Si nanocrystal-doped SiO 2 . Appl Phys Lett 2000, 76:2325.CrossRef 12. Iacona F, Pacifici D, Irrera A, Miritello M, Franzò G, Priolo F, Sanfilippo D, Di Stefano G, Fallica PG: Electroluminescence at 1.54 μm in Er-doped Si nanocluster-based devices. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 81:3242.CrossRef 13. Han HS, Seo SY, Shin JH: Optical gain at 1.54 μm in erbium-doped silicon nanocluster sensitized Waveguide.

1992). Thus, to check whether C. reinhardtii cells are already in the stage of S deprivation, 1 ml of the cells is removed from the culture vessel and mixed with 10 μl of a 30 mM XSO4 stock solution in 0.1 M Tris/HCl pH 7.5. After 30–60 min, the cells are spun down at a high speed, and the supernatant, which should be visibly bluish if an arylsulfatase is active, can be analyzed photospectrometrically

at λ = 650 nm. In contrast to the simplicity of inducing S starvation in C. reinhardtii, the induction of a sustained and reproducible H2 production in these cultures is much more difficult. To understand this difficulty, the sequence of events leading to the onset of H2 production in C. reinhardtii is briefly summarized here. When the cells have been transferred to S-free medium and placed in the light, they still have a high photosynthetic activity, resulting in O2 Defactinib in vitro evolution and JQEZ5 mw CO2 fixation. The latter results not only in some cell growth and doubling in the beginning (Melis et al. 2000), but also in the accumulation of starch, which is a common response of nutrient starved C. reinhardtii cells (Grossman 2000). Starch levels had tripled already

in the first 5 h of S depletion (Makarova et al. 2007), and after being S depleted for 24 h, the algae contain almost tenfold amounts of starch as compared with S-replete cells (Zhang et al. 2002). After several hours, PSII activity and photosynthetic O2 evolution, respectively, as well as CO2 fixation will decrease (Melis et al. 2000; Hemschemeier et al. 2008). At Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease a certain point, the

ongoing respiratory O2 uptake activity will overcome photosynthetic O2 evolution rates so that the O2 dissolved in the culture will be consumed by and by (Fig. 3). As soon as anaerobic conditions are established, the hydrogenase gene is expressed (Zhang et al. 2002) and the hydrogenase enzyme becomes active (Winkler et al. 2002b) (Fig. 3). The hydrogenase then takes over the PI3K inhibitor electrons from ferredoxin, which in turn is reduced by PSI activity. The electrons arriving at PSI originate both from residual PSII activity and non-photochemical PQ-reduction (Fouchard et al. 2005; Hemschemeier et al. 2008) (Fig. 1b). The latter, again, depends on the amount of starch that was accumulated in the photosynthetic phase. Fig. 3 a Development of the concentrations of H2 (●), O2 ( ), and CO2 (○) as measured by MS in the headspace of an S-depleted C. reinhardtii culture incubated in squared glass bottles sealed with Suba seals upon one-site illumination as illustrated by the photograph in (b) (Hemschemeier 2005) Having these metabolic adaptations of S-depleted algae under consideration, it is obvious that every culture parameter influencing the photosynthetic light and dark reactions as well as respiratory activity will also have an impact on establishment and dimension of the photosynthetic H2 metabolism.

Figure 4b shows the Raman spectrum of InSb ensemble NW sample. It is observed that the Raman spectrum is dominated by a peak centered at 179/cm, which can be ascribed to the transverse-optical

phonon mode of InSb, as reported in www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html InSb NWs grown on Si/SiO2[19]. Beside this main peak, a shoulder CB-839 concentration located at 190/cm is also observed, which is assigned to longitudinal-optical phonon mode of InSb. These XRD and Raman results further support and confirm the formation of InSb NWs in our work. Figure 4 XRD and Raman spectroscopy of InSb NWs. (a) X-ray diffraction scan of a selected InSb NWs array sample, confirming the epitaxial relationship between InAs (111) and Si (111) substrate; (b) Raman spectroscopy measurements on InSb NWs grown on Si substrate. click here Conclusions In conclusion, InSb NWs have been grown on Si substrates using an InAs seed layer instead of external metal catalyst. The deposition of InAs seed layer leads to the growth of InAs NWs, which serve as a template for the subsequent initiation and growth of InSb NWs. Two different groups of InSb NWs

are observed: one with indium droplet top end and the other without indium droplet top end. Though the growth of the first group of InSb NWs is evidenced to follow VLS mode, the growth of the second group of InSb NWs is more complex, the complete picture of which is not clear yet. Despite this, the work demonstrates a method towards the realization of Au catalyst-free InSb NWs, which is important for their ultimate device applications. Acknowledgements very The work was supported by the 973 Program (no. 2012CB932701) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 60990313, 60990315 and 21173068). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: FE-SEM (450° tilted view) of InAs nanowires grown for 7 min on Si (111) substrates at 550°C. (PDF 715 KB) Additional file 2: Figure S2: FE-SEM image of InAs nanowires and schematic illustration of InSb nanowire. (a) FE-SEM (45° tilted view) of the InAs nanowires grown for 2 min on Si (111) substrates at

550°C. (b) Schematic illustration of InSb nanowire with indium droplet on Si (111) substrate. (PDF 1 MB) Additional file 3: Figure S3: TEM image and SAED pattern of an InSb NW with crystalline InSb tip. (a) TEM image of the topmost part of a nanorod with crystalline InSb tip. The SAEDs of the image in the tip (b) and in the rod body (c,d) are also shown. (b, c, and d) correspond to cubic regions with alternate orientation due to twinning. The twinning is pointed out by the bright and dark stripes that correspond to different regions with opposite orientations of the crystal. (PDF 2 MB) References 1. Riikonen J, Tuomi T, Lankinen A, Sormunen J, Saynatjoki A, Knuuttila L, Lipsanen H, McNally PJ, O’Reilly L, Danilewsky A, Sipila H, Vaijarvi S, Lumb D, Owens A: Synchrotron X-ray topography study of defects in indium antimonide P-I-N structures grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2005, 16:449.CrossRef 2.

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