Better adherence, higher QoL and patients’ preferences

are all key points which may combine to assure long-lasting efficacy of cART. STR and Cost-Effectiveness Adherence is strictly correlated to hospitalization, as demonstrated in different studies. Completely adherent patients are less likely to be hospitalized or to require emergency room care than non-adherent patients [22]. Patients who achieve a 95% adherence RAD001 threshold have a significantly lower rate of hospitalization compared with patients who are non-adherent to therapy, regardless of their pill burden. Furthermore, patients who received a single pill per day were shown to be significantly less likely to be hospitalized than patients who received three or more pills per day [38]. In the COMPACT study [27], the type of therapy also influenced the total cost of illness. Patients treated with a STR showed www.selleckchem.com/products/nec-1s-7-cl-o-nec1.html association

with the lowest cost. A selective non-adherence in a MPR of 3.5% increased the risk of hospitalization by 39% thus further increasing management costs. Patients on a STR have been associated with significantly lower monthly health care cost (US $605 per patient per month) (p < 0.001) compared to patients on MPR. Differences were even greater (US $922 per patient) (p < 0.001) when only treatment-naïve patients were examined. The use of OD STRs was associated with a 17% reduction in total health care costs, partly due to the significant reduction of hospitalization

costs [23]. As already pointed out, cohort analyses have a few limitations and these results must be evaluated click here with caution as selection biases could play a role in the final outcome. As an example, patients with a lower CD4 nadir could have preferentially received a MPR and as the CD4 nadir is related to the risk of AEs and development of opportunistic pathologies their health care costs would naturally be higher. However, these concerns are somehow tempered by the consistency of results among different cohorts [23, 27]. The economic value of the switch from a two-pills-a-day TDF/FTC + EFV therapy to a STR (TDF/FTC/EFV) was evaluated by means of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The STR was the most Niclosamide cost-effective treatment strategy, with an ICER of €22,017 vs. €26,558 for the two-pills-a-day regimen [19]. Besides improving adherence and QoL as perceived by the patients, STRs allowed a 17% reduction of costs, corresponding to a € 4,541 lower cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) [39]. Similarly, the SPIRIT study showed that the use of the STR TDF/FTC/RPV was associated with an overall 16% cost reduction per subject through 24 weeks [6]. Current STRs Three STRs are currently available. TDF/FTC/EFV is a STR containing 300 mg of TDF, 200 mg of FTC and 600 mg of EFV.

In recent years, increased attention has been paid to studying the direct interactions occurring between Trichoderma spp. and plants, including molecular studies of specific bioactive components produced by the fungal partner that have been associated with plant defence mechanism elicitation,

root colonization, or plant growth promotion [5–12]. Novel genomic and proteomic techniques are also now being selleck compound implemented to Trichoderma biocontrol species with the aim of identifying large-scale molecular factors involved in the communication between Trichoderma and plants. Macroarray analyses have been applied to study the gene expression of GSK2118436 mw four species of Trichoderma during their interaction with cacao seedlings [13], and of T. harzianum during the early colonization of tomato roots [14]. There is also a study based on a three-way interaction system (bean plant-pathogen-T. atroviride) that used a proteomic approach to identify differential proteins produced by each of the three organisms involved in that association [15]. Apart from this, several recent works on plant-Trichoderma interactions have been conducted to explore the molecular responses of plants to the presence of a root-colonizing Trichoderma strain, using either transcriptomic [16] or proteomic methods [17, 18]. Microarray analyses are becoming a

powerful tool for large-scale gene expression studies in filamentous fungi [19]. However, transcriptomic analyses of Trichoderma biocontrol species using this check details technology have been hampered by the scant sequencing conducted on these fungi. In fact, the first analysis of the genome sequence of a Trichoderma strain (T. reesei QM 6a) has been recently published [20], although this sequence has been publicly available for a few years. Fortunately, the first version of the complete genome from two

other Trichoderma species, the biocontrol agents T. virens Gv29-8 and T. atroviride IMI 206040, is now available on-line [21, 22]. Since the complete genomes of other Trichoderma biocontrol species are not available and nor will they be in the near future, in this work we focused our efforts on developing find more a customized high-density oligonucleotide (HDO) microarray from a large Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) collection, which was generated in a previous EU-funded project called “”TrichoEST”" [23–25]. This project has provided a fundamental resource for transcriptomic analyses in Trichoderma spp. through the sequencing of more than 25,000 ESTs from eight different species representing the biodiversity of this genus: T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. viride, T. longibrachiatum, T. virens, T. stromaticum and T. aggresivum. Specifically, these ESTs were obtained from 28 cDNA libraries under a wide range of growth conditions, including biocontrol-related conditions and different nutritional situations [23–25].

Therefore, aerobic cells require a mechanism for detoxifying H2O2. Catalase or peroxidase enzymes usually fulfill this cellular function and a gene encoding KatG, which can have either activity, has been identified in the L. biflexa genome (LEPBI_I2495). Since catalase activity has not been detected in L. biflexa strains but peroxidase activity has [36–40], it seems likely that KatG is a peroxidase and provides a mechanism by which L. biflexa detoxifies H2O2, albeit not very effectively. L. biflexa also possesses alkyl hydroperoxide reductase homologs (LEPBI_I3008 & LEPBI_I3009) that may also detoxify H2O2. Superoxide dismutase may play an essential

www.selleckchem.com/p38-MAPK.html role in L. biflexa’s defense against oxidative stress, as we were unable to inactivate the sod gene, either by allelic exchange or by transposon mutagenesis (data not shown). Finally, we employed a proteomic comparison of wild-type and mutant VS-4718 ic50 spirochetes to identify L. biflexa proteins whose expression may be altered GDC-0994 due to the loss of the Bat proteins. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis of protein lysates from the wild-type and the ΔbatABD strain identified HtpG as the sole protein in the ΔbatABD strain that had significantly

reduced levels compared to the wild-type (Figure 7). Altered levels of HtpG were detected in the membrane-associated protein fraction, but not the soluble fraction (data not shown), although HtpG does not

have any recognizable signal or lipidation sequences. However, Lo et al. also reported that HtpG associated with the membrane fraction in their analyses of temperature effects on protein levels in L. interrogans[24]. In our analysis, HtpG was downregulated approximately 4-fold in the ΔbatABD mutant relative to the WT, and this decrease corresponded to the 3.8-fold 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl decrease in htpG transcript levels observed by qRT-PCR (Figure 3), discussed above. Although HtpG protein is lower in the mutant, this variation did not produce a phenotype in the conditions tested here. Conclusions L. biflexa has a relatively small repertoire of enzymes for defense against ROS, and it may depend on the activities of Sod and KatG to survive oxidative assault. During in vitro growth, bat transcript levels are relatively low and deletion of the bat loci did not detectably alter morphology, growth rate, or the ability to survive oxidative stress. Despite the proposed role for the Bat proteins in directly combating oxidative damage in spirochetes, the data presented here do not support this. Although we cannot exclude a role for the Bat proteins in sensing oxidative stress in L. biflexa, perhaps as a signaling complex in the periplasm, Bat function remains elusive. Methods Bacterial strains used in this study L. biflexa serovar Patoc strain Patoc I (kindly provided by Dr. Dave Haake and Dr.

Nine patients (29%) in the AL group were hemodynamically unstable on admission to the emergency department. All the patients in the DL group were stable on admission. The number and distribution of selleck compound laparotomies in each group are summarized in Table 2. In the DL group, 19 patients (7.3%) had a second unplanned laparotomy, and 5 additional patients (1.9%) had 2 or more subsequent laparotomies following the first emergency operation (a total of at least 3 laparotomies).

A total of 24 patients in the DL group (9.2%) underwent Mocetinostat purchase at least one unplanned laparotomy. Mortality rates were 54.8% and 16.5% in the AL and DL groups respectively (p < 0.0001). The most common cause of death in both groups was multi-organ failure (MOF) due to irreversible septic shock. In both groups the patients who died were significantly older than those who survived (75 vs. 47.3 years in the AL group and 74 vs. 63 years in the DL group; p < 0.0001 in each group), but there was no statistical Selleck BMS202 difference between the two group with regard to the age of patients who died. Wound infection, MOF and sepsis [12] were significantly more frequent in patients in the AL group (Table 3). Median length of hospital stay (LOS) was significantly

longer in the patients in the AL group (21 vs. 9 days; p < 0.05). Table 1 Demographics and indications for emergency surgery   AL DL p N patients (%) 31 (10.7) 260 (89.3)   Male % 58.1 54.2 NS Mean age (years) 62.8 (± 18.8) 65.0 (± 17.7) NS Peritonitis 48.4%

30.4% 0.04 Mesenteric ischemia 32.3% 3.5% < 0.0001 Intestinal obstruction 6.5% 58% < 0.0001 Bleeding 9.7% 3.1% NS Other 3.2% 5.0% NS Table 2 Number of laparotomies in each group   N -- Laparotomies   1 2 3+ Total AL - n (%) 5 (16.1) 12 (38.7) 14 (45.2) 31 (100) DL -- n (%) 236 (90.8) 19* (7.3) 5* (1.9) 260 (100) Total -- n (%) 241 (82.8) 31 (10.7) 19 (6.5) 291 (100) *- unplanned laparotomies Table 3 Mortality and morbidity   AL DL p Mortality 54.8% 16.5% < 0.0001 Mean age: 75 vs. 47.3 74 vs. 63.2 NS Died vs. survived P < 0.0001 P < 0.0001   Wound infection 32.3% 13.3% 0.013 MOF 93.5% 21.5% < 0.0001 Sepsis 83.9% 21.5% < 0.0001 Discussion Damage control surgery made a monumental change in the paradigm that anatomical perfection must be achieved during the initial operation of critically injured patients. Trauma surgeons realized that the need to reverse the physiological (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate “”lethal triad”" of acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy surpassed the necessity to correct all the anatomical derangements that were caused by the initial injury. Definitive surgery in the acute setting is practiced under strict adherence to a pre-defined algorithm in which damage control surgery is elected for the most seriously injured, and some of the indications for damage control in trauma may be applied for non-trauma critically ill patients as well. There is little level I evidence to support abbreviated surgery in a non-trauma setting.

8. The mean Shannon diversity and evenness indices in the pulmonary tuberculosis samples were 6.1926 (SD, 0.8093) and 0.9615 (SD, 0.0177), respectively. Both indices selleck compound were significantly higher than those in the healthy participants, which were 5.5145 (SD, 0.6545) (p=0.006) and 0.9341 (SD, 0.0216) (p=0.000) , respectively. Clustering analysis of the respiratory tract microbiota can separate healthy participants from pulmonary tuberculosis patients The similarities between the respiratory tract secretion microbiota of

the healthy participants and sputum microbiota of the pulmonary tuberculosis patients were estimated by calculating UniFrac distances. Figure  1 shows that the healthy participants were clustered together,

while the pulmonary tuberculosis patients were divided into several different sub-branches. Figure 1 Bacterial communities grouped by individual. Each terminal branch CYT387 mw represents the total bacterial community detected in one enrolled subject. All nodes were recovered at 100% using the Jackknife method. Names beginning with “N” represent samples from healthy participants, while those beginning with “TB” represent samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As shown in Figure  2, clustering after principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the UniFrac distance demonstrated a strong clustering of healthy participants away from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. To better characterise

the sputum microbiomes, the sequences were sorted to the genera level. A total 614 genera were observed; 235 genera were observed in healthy participants, and 564 genera were found Sitaxentan in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, although more than half of these accounted for only a small fraction of the total sequences. As shown in Figure  3, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Actinomyces, Prevotella, and Veillonella were predominant in the microbiota of both healthy participants and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. In contrast, Anoxybacillus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pilibacter, Abiotrophia, Paucisalibacillus, and Rothia were more abundant in pulmonary tuberculosis patients than healthy participants. Neisseria, Porphyromonas, TM7_genera_incertae_sedis, Parvimonas, Campylobacter, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium were less common in pulmonary tuberculosis patients than healthy participants. Furthermore, Stenotrophomonas, Cupriavidus, Pseudomonas, this website Thermus, Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas, Brevibacillus, Methylobacterium, Diaphorobacter, Comamonas, Mobilicoccus, and Fervidicoccus were unique to and widespread among the pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Figure 2 UniFrac community comparison of healthy participants and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The sputum microbiomes were clustered using un-weighted UniFrac.

Biodivers Liproxstatin 1 Conserv 19:985–997CrossRef Bharti H, Sharma Y, Bharti M, Pfeiffer M (2013) Ant species richness, endemicity and functional groups, along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas. Asian Myrmecol 5:79–101 Bihn JH, Gebauer G, Brandl R (2010) Loss of functional diversity of ant assemblages

in secondary tropical forests. Ecology 91:782–792PubMedCrossRef Blüthgen PF-573228 N, Feldhaar H (2010) Food and shelter: how resources influence ant ecology. In: Lach L, Parr CL, Abbott KL (eds) Ant ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 115–117 Bolton B (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Brown WL (2000) Diversity of ants. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (eds) Ants: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, pp 45–79 Brühl CA (2001) Leaf litter ant communities in tropical lowland rain forests in Sabah, Malaysia: effects of forest disturbance selleck products and fragmentation. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg Brühl CA, Eltz T (2009) Fuelling the biodiversity crisis: species loss of ground-dwelling forest ants in oil palm plantations in Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). Biodivers Conserv 19:519–529CrossRef Brühl CA, Eltz T, Linsenmair KE (2003) Size does matter-effects of tropical rainforest fragmentation on the leaf

litter ant community in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodivers Conserv 12:1371–1389CrossRef Bryan JE, Shearman PL, Asner GP et al (2013) Extreme differences in forest degradation in Borneo: comparing practices in Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei. PLoS ONE 8:e69679PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cleary DFR, Genner MJ, Boyle TJB et al (2005) Associations of bird species richness and community composition with local and landscape-scale environmental factors in Borneo. Landsc Ecol 20:989–1001. doi:10.​1007/​s10980-005-7754-y CrossRef Danielsen F, Beukema H, Burgess ND et al (2009) Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. Conserv Biol 23:348–358. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1523-1739.​2008.​01096.​x PubMedCrossRef

Davies RG, Hernández LM, Eggleton P et al (2003) Environmental and spatial Enzalutamide chemical structure influences upon species composition of a termite assemblage across neotropical forest islands. J Trop Ecol 19:509–524. doi:10.​1017/​S026646740300356​0 CrossRef Dejean A, Fénéron R (1999) Predatory behaviour in the ponerine ant, Centromyrmex bequaerti: a case of termitolesty. Behav Process 47:125–133. doi:10.​1016/​S0376-6357(99)00060-1 CrossRef Didham RK (1997) An overview of invertebrate responses to fragmentation. In: Stork NE, Hunter MD, Watt AD (eds) Forests and insects. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 303–320 Diehl E, Junqueira L, Berti-Filho E (2005) Ant and termite mound coinhabitants in the wetlands of Santo Antonio da Patrulha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Pinter et al. [20] reported that low levels of AFP and ALT, Child-Pugh class B, and compensated cirrhosis were predictors of a good response to sorafenib treatment, and that AST level could be used to predict whether Child-Pugh class B patients would benefit from sorafenib treatment. Lee et al. [21] reported that patients with a low FDG uptake on positron-emission tomography might benefit from sorafenib treatment. Kondo et al. [22] reported that high expression of c-MET correlated with portal vein tumor thrombus, and that postoperative

recurrence-free survival was significantly poorer in patients with high expression of c-Met than with low expression of c-Met. Expression of c-MET may be a predictor of postoperative recurrence in HCC patients. Our results did not show a significant difference selleck ALK mutation in the frequency of portal vein tumor thrombus between patients with high and low expression of c-MET (89.5% vs. 74.5%, P = 0.061), which is probably because our assessment of tumor thrombus was based on imaging results, buy GW-572016 whereas Kondo et al. [22] based their assessment on pathological findings. Albig et al. [23] reported

that high expression of c-Met may enhance the sensitivity of cancer tissues to hepatocyte growth factor, thereby increasing the invasiveness of cancer cells and the likelihood of metastasis. Combination of the results reported by Kondo et al. [22] and Albig et al. [23] suggests that patients with high expression of c-Met have a poor prognosis.

However, our survival analyses show that in patients who took sorafenib, PFS time was longer in patients with high expression of c-Met than low expression of c-Met (5.60 months vs. 1.43 months, Clomifene P = 0.010), suggesting that expression of c-MET may predict the effectiveness of sorafenib treatment in HCC patients. These results require further evaluation in studies with larger sample sizes and more carefully selected patients. From the statistic results, the median PFS time was longer in patients with high expression of c-MET than those in low expression of c-MET (5.60 months vs. 1.43 months, P = 0.010), but there was no significant difference in OS time between patients with high and low expression of c-Met, We considered the subsequent treatments after sorafenib may cause the discrepancy of longer PFS and no significant OS. In China, Patients with HCC usually received other treatments after failure to sorafenib, such as intervention therapy and Chinese herbal medicine and so on. Conclusions In summary, our finding that HCC with hepatic cirrhosis is associated with high expression of VEGFR-2 provides new information to help our understanding of the development and treatment of hepatic cirrhosis. Age, AFP level, tumor size, ascites, and tumor thrombus may be useful prognostic indicators in HCC patients.

YYF holds an associate professor position at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. QZZ is a PhD student at Sun Yat-Sen University. JTL and XHW hold professor positions at Sun Yat-Sen University.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2010CB923204), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants61006046 and 51002058). We would like to thank Wei Xu, the engineer of WNLO, for the assistance during MOCVD epitaxial growth, and the Center of Micro-Fabrication and Characterization (CMFC) of WNLO for the assistance with the AFM measurement. References 1. Luque A, Martí A, Stanley C: Understanding intermediate-band

selleck compound solar cells. Nat learn more Photonics 2012, 6:146–152.CrossRef 2. Liu HY, Wang T, Jiang Q, Hogg R, Tutu F, Pozzi F, Seeds A: Long-wavelength InAs/GaAs quantum-dot laser diode monolithically grown on Ge substrate. Nat Photonics 2011, 5:416–419.CrossRef 3. Wang T, Liu HY, Lee A, Pozzi F, Seeds A: 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers monolithically grown on Si substrates. Opt Express 2011, 19:11381–11386.CrossRef 4. Tanabe K, Watanabe K, Arakawa Y: Flexible thin-film InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 100:192102.CrossRef 5. Tanabe K, Watanabe K, Arakawa Y: III-V/Si hybrid photonic devices by direct fusion bonding. Sci Rep 2012, 2:349.CrossRef 6. Yuan Z, Kardynal BE, Stevenson RM, Shields AJ, Lobo CJ, Cooper K, Beattie NS, Ritchie DA, Pepper M: Electrically driven single-photon source. Science 2002, 295:102.CrossRef 7. Arciprete F, Fanfoni M, Patella F, Della Pia A, Balzarotti A: CA4P order Temperature dependence of the size distribution function of InAs quantum dots on GaAs(001). Phys Rev B 2010, 81:165306.CrossRef 8. Yang T, Tsukamoto S, Tatebayashi J, Nishioka M, Arakawa Y: Improvement of the uniformity of self-assembled InAs quantum dots grown on InGaAs/GaAs

by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 85:2753–2755.CrossRef 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl 9. Ohmori M, Kawazu T, Torii K, Takahashi T, Sakaki H: Formation of ultra-low density (≤10 4 cm −2 ) self-organized InAs quantum dots on GaAs by a modified molecular beam epitaxy method. Appl Phys Express 2008, 1:061202.CrossRef 10. Li MF, Yu Y, He JF, Wang LJ, Zhu Y, Shang XY, Ni HQ, Niu ZC: In situ accurate control of 2D-3D transition parameters for growth of low-density InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:86.CrossRef 11. Liang BL, Wang ZM, Wang XY, Lee JH, Mazur YI, Shih CK, Salamo GJ: Energy transfer within ultralow density twin InAs quantum dots grown by droplet epitaxy. ACS Nano 2008, 2:2219–2224.CrossRef 12. Liang BL, Wang ZM, Lee JH, Sablon K, Mazur YI, Salamo GJ: Low density InAs quantum dots grown on GaAs nanoholes. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:043113.CrossRef 13.

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“Introduction Biochemical markers of bone turnover (BTMs) are used as surrogate measures to evaluate the metabolic effect of drugs on bone turnover, and for predicting fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis

[1, 2]. Changes in BTMs during anti-osteoporotic therapy depend on the cellular mechanism of action of the drug, magnitude of change in bone turnover rate, and route of administration [2]. Studies have found associations between treatment-related changes in BTMs with subsequent Luminespib changes in bone mineral density (BMD), static and dynamic bone histomorphometric variables, and fracture outcomes during osteoporosis drug therapy [3–21]. However, these correlations are sometimes weak or non-significant, and can vary according to the BTMs measured, methodological limitations — including analytical variability — type of patients studied, and skeletal site assessed; they are also influenced by factors such as age, gender, use of prior osteoporosis medications and recent fracture [1, 2]. Bone strength, the maximum force a bone can bear, is the most important determinant of fracture risk and can be estimated in vivo in humans using finite element analysis (FEA) based on bone images obtained using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) [22–25]. Studies have shown an increase in vertebral strength during Citarinostat mw bisphosphonate and teriparatide treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis Montelukast Sodium [26–29] and in men with glucocorticoid-induced

osteoporosis (GIO) [30]. The correlations between changes in BTMs and bone strength induced by pharmacological interventions have not previously been analysed in detail. Chevalier et al. [28] briefly reported a positive correlation between changes in bone strength and changes in the bone formation marker serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with teriparatide after long-term exposure to bisphosphonates. However, the relationship between serum markers of bone turnover and bone strength during treatment with bisphosphonates and bone forming drugs in men with GIO has not been investigated before. GIO, the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis, is characterized by bone loss and impaired bone quality [31].

1

± 4.1% and 40.2 ± 4.9%, respectively, in the IFN-α group (P = 0.0021). Figure 2 Overall Survival (A) and Progression-free Survival (B) for CML-CP Patients by Treatment Regimen. Imatinib Treatment Among the total 229 patients treated with imatinib, SB202190 price 12 received the regimen for less than three months: five patients due to AZD3965 economic issues, five due to transplantation, and two due to adverse events. Among the total 217 evaluable patients, 114 received imatinib treatment as primary therapy and 103 had failed previous IFN-α treatment. The median time from diagnosis to imatinib treatment was 28 (4-65) months in the IFN-α failure group. Treatment efficacy (Table 3), OS and PFS (Figure 3) of imatinib were evaluated based on the stage of the disease. With the median treatment time of 18 months (range 4-61), the rates of CHR, MCyR, and CCyR were significantly higher in CP patients than those in AP and BC patients. Imatinib treatment as primary therapy was more efficient than those in patients who had failed IFN-α. Estimated three-year OS rate and PFS rate were 92.2 ± 3.4% and 85.8 ± 4.3%, respectively, in patients with CML-CP who received

imatinib as primary therapy; 81.3 ± 5.4% and 68.7 ± 6.3%, respectively, in CML-CP patients Selleck PLX4720 who had failed IFN-α; 46.8 ± 13.0% and 39.8 ± 13.2%, respectively, in AP patients and 19.6 ± 7.4% and 10.1 ± 6.5%, respectively, in BC patients (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively, for OS and PFS). Figure 3 Overall Survival (A) and Progression-free Survival (B) Among Patients Treated with Imatinib by Disease Stage. Table 3 Efficacy Evaluation of Imatinib in CML Patients by Disease Stage   CP AP BC P value   Primary n = 84(%) IFN Failure n = 70(%) n = 25(%) n = 38(%)   CHR 80(95.2) 62(88.6) 18(72.0) 18(47.4) <0.0001 MCyR 71(84.5) 45(64.3) 8(32.0) 7(18.4) <0.0001 CCyR 62(73.8) 37(52.9) 6(24.0) 4(10.5) <0.0001 Adverse Events The primary side effects reported with IFN-α (+Ara-C) Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase included fever and myalgia. A total of 25 patients (12.3%) withdrew due to grade 3 to 4 side effect. However, only two patients discontinued imatinib treatment due to

intolerance (depression of bone marrow and edema), both of whom were AP and BC patients. The most common non-hematologic adverse events reported with imatinib were moderate (grade 1 or 2) nausea and vomiting (58.3%), edema (68.9%), myalgia (30%), and rash (8.2%). Grade 3/4 hematologic depression of bone marrow was reported in 17.8% of the patients. Discussion The treatment of CML has undergone dramatic progress in recent years. Primary CML patients residing in Shanghai were reviewed retrospectively from 2001 to 2006, with the aim to improve the diagnosis and treatment for CML in Shanghai and to benefit the large number of patients afflicted. The number of new patients arising in Shanghai increased from 2001 to 2006. The demographic profile of CML patients in our population was similar to that described in other studies; CML mainly afflicted those 40-60 years old (47.