The results show that HAM-KPFM can get much higher spatial resolution and potential sensitivity even with a smaller V AC than that of FM-KPFM. The higher potential sensitivity of HAM-KPFM was explained as follows: the oscillation of the frequency shift at ω 1 in FM-KPFM and the oscillation of the amplitude at ω 2 in HAM-KPFM are both proportional to the gradient of the electrostatic force, whereas the quality

factor in UHV for the AFM system is approximately several tens of thousands greater, and Compound C finally, that the minimum detectable electrostatic force in HAM-KPFM is smaller than in FM-KPFM according to Equations (1) and (2). Hence, the potential sensitivity in HAM-KPFM is higher than that in FM-KPFM. Further, lower crosstalk between topography and potential images in HAM-KPFM compared to that in FM-KPFM is due to the first and second resonance signals being separated from each other using low- and high-pass

filters in HAM-KPFM; on the other hand, the potential and topography signals are difficult to separate because the first resonance of the cantilever was oscillated in both measurements. In HAM-KPFM measurements, the high V AC effect was apparently removed because small find more AC bias voltages were applied and the V CPD which compensated the CPD between tip and sample is 20 to 100 mV [11, 12], and this is of major importance for semiconducting samples for which voltages exceeding 100 mV may induce the band bending effect [21]. In some references, quasi-constant height mode was performed to eliminate the V AC influence

to the potential measurement [4]. Conclusions In summary, the potential sensitivity and crosstalk were compared in FM- and HAM-KPFM experimentally and theoretically. We demonstrated that the potential sensitivity in HAM-KPFM is higher than that in FM-KPFM theoretically. Then, we experimentally confirmed that SNRs of electrostatic force measurements, which determined the potential sensitivity in HAM-KPFM, are higher than that of FM-KPFM. Further, we applied the FM- and HAM-KPFM measurements to a Ge (001) surface under the same conditions, and atomic resolution in potential and topography images were obtained in HAM-KPFM, Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 whereas the atomic resolution was not visible in FM-KPFM. We attribute this to the higher sensitivity and lower crosstalk in HAM-KPFM compared to the FM-KPFM. Consequently, the HAM method proposed here is a useful tool for detecting the actual potential distribution on the surface. Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grant no. 61274103, 91336110 and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS). References 1. selleck chemicals llc Nonnenmacher M, O’Boyle MP, Wickramasinghe HK: Kelvin probe force microscopy. Appl Phys Lett 1991, 58:2921–2923.CrossRef 2.

MM cells secrete VEGF that promotes cytokine production and proliferation of the tumor cells. The angiogenic effect of VEGF in the bone marrow is established yet less is known about VEGF signaling in MM cells. Here Selleckchem GSK690693 we evaluated the anti-myeloma effect of VEGF inhibition by Avastin (humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody). Moreover, we aimed to identify VEGF dependent signaling cascades in MM cell lines with specific emphasis on pathways that regulate protein translation initiation. Methods: MM cell lines (8226, U266, ARK, ARP1) were cultured 5 days with Avastin (0.01 µg/ml – 4 mg/ml) and tested for: viability (WST1), proliferation (cell count), cell death (Annexin/7AAD, LC3II), cell cycle (flow cytometry), and VEGF

targets (mTOR, ERK, eIF4E, etc; immunoblot). Autophagy inhibitor used: 3-methyladenine (3MA). Results: Dose dependent reduced viability was demonstrated in all Avastin treated MM cell lines. RPMI 8226 and ARK demonstrated a G1 cell cycle learn more arrest and decreased total cell number whereas U266 and ARP1 showed elevated autophagy (LC3II). Co-administration of 3MA and Avastin to U266 and ARP1 yielded a synergistic decrease selleck in viability

and elevated apoptotic cell death suggesting that autophagy rescued the VEGF- inhibited cells from death. Changes in VEGF targets included decreased pmTOR, pERK and peIF4E. Reduced eIF4E dependent translation was evidenced by decreased Cyclin D1 in G1 arrested RPMI 8226 and ARK. Additional VEGF signaling pathways will be assessed. Significance: Our findings so far, establish that VEGF is critical to MM cell lines’ viability and that Avastin has a significant deleterious effect on MM cell lines that is independent of its anti-angiogenic mechanism. Identification of VEGF dependent targets in MM cell lines will promote the design of effective drug combinations.

Poster No. 8 Rac-1 GTPase Controls the Capacity of Human Malignant pre-B Lymphoblasts to Migrate on Fibronectin in Response to SDF-1 alpha (CXCL12) Manuel Freret1, Flore Gouel1, Jean-Pierre Vannier1, Marc Vasse1,2, Isabelle Dubus 1 1 Laboratoire MERCI – EA 3829, IUHRBM & Faculte de Médecine et Pharmacie, Universite de Rouen, Rouen, France, 2 Departement of hematology, Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) IUHRBM & CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) relapse is characterized by malignant cell infiltration of medullary and extramedullary tissues. Thus it is important to better understand the mechanisms governing migration and dissemination of leukemic cells. We investigated the role of the small GTPase Rac1 in the control of CXCL12-induced migration of leukemic cells on fibronectin, which plays a key role in leukemic cell invasion. Nalm-6 cells (a human B-ALL cell line), transformed to overexpress either wild-type or a constitutively inactive form (N17 mutant) of Rac1, were seeded on fibronectin-coated wells. Adherent cells were kept in an incubation chamber under a phase-contrast microscope.

0), using the substrate p-nitrophenyl β-glucuronide (PNPG; 10 mM), and measured

at A405. β-Glucuronidase activity was represented as (ΔA405 min-1 ml-1 OD600 -1). Alkaline phosphatase activity was HDAC inhibitor assayed GANT61 manufacturer as described previously [52]. Results presented are the mean ± the standard deviation of three independent experiments, unless stated otherwise. Primer Extension and RNA studies RNA was extracted from Serratia 39006 and primer extension analysis for the pigA and smaI transcripts was performed as described previously [28, 29]. All primer extension reactions were performed with 25 μg of total RNA and 0.2 pmol of the appropriate 32P-labelled primer. Oligonucleotide primers HS34 and HS36 were used in primer extension reactions for pigA and smaI respectively. Acknowledgements We thank Blebbistatin manufacturer all members of the Salmond group for helpful discussions, I. Foulds for technical assistance and Corinna Richter for the identification of strain PCF58A9. This work was supported by the BBSRC, UK. TG and LE were supported by BBSRC studentships. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Bacterial strains, phages and plasmids used in

this study. A list of strains, phage and plasmids used in this study. (DOC 99 KB) References 1. Wanner BL: Phosphorous assimilation and control of the phosphate regulon. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology (Edited by: Neidhart RCI, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbrager HE). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 1996, 1:1357–1381. 2. Harris RM, Webb DC, Howitt SM, Cox GB: Characterization

of PitA and PitB from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2001,183(17):5008–5014.CrossRefPubMed 3. Rosenberg H, Gerdes RG, Chegwidden K: Two systems for the uptake of phosphate in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1977,131(2):505–511.PubMed 4. Rosenberg H, Gerdes RG, Harold FM: Energy coupling second to the transport of inorganic phosphate in Escherichia coli K12. Biochem J 1979,178(1):133–137.PubMed 5. Amemura M, Makino K, Shinagawa H, Kobayashi A, Nakata A: Nucleotide sequence of the genes involved in phosphate transport and regulation of the phosphate regulon in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1985,184(2):241–250.CrossRefPubMed 6. Surin BP, Rosenberg H, Cox GB: Phosphate-specific transport system of Escherichia coli : nucleotide sequence and gene-polypeptide relationships. J Bacteriol 1985,161(1):189–198.PubMed 7. Webb DC, Rosenberg H, Cox GB: Mutational analysis of the Escherichia coli phosphate-specific transport system, a member of the traffic ATPase (or ABC) family of membrane transporters. A role for proline residues in transmembrane helices. J Biol Chem 1992,267(34):24661–24668.PubMed 8. Willsky GR, Malamy MH: Characterization of two genetically separable inorganic phosphate transport systems in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1980,144(1):356–365.PubMed 9.

Recently, up-regulation of Twist has been reported in several types of human cancer [3, 8–12]. The rates of high Twist and reduced E-cadherin expression have been reported as 36-60% and 44-74%, respectively [12–17]. In our present investigation, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that rates of high Twist and reduced E-cadherin expression

were 42.0 and 40.4%. Upregulation of Twist [14] expression has been associated with high incidence of distant metastasis and downregulation of E-cadherin [15, 18] expression has been associated with high incidence of lymph node metastasis in ESCC. In this study, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant nodal metastasis, stage and lymphatic invasion were significantly associated with high Twist or reduced E-cadherin expression. Additionally, presence of high Twist expression significantly corlearn more related with reduced E-cadherin expression. Inverse Selleck Veliparib correlation between high Twist FRAX597 and reduced E-cadherin expression has been found in liver, endometrial, bladder and prostate human cancer cells [12, 13, 19, 20]. Thus, the present results are almost consistent with previous reports. Prognosis was poorer in patients with high Twist expression than in

those with low Twist expression. Similarly, the prognosis was worse in patients with reduced E-cadherin than those in with preserved E-cadherin expression, which agrees with previous reports. The patients with both low Twist and preserved E-cadherin expression

had the best clinical outcome according to univariate analysis and it was an independent Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. On the strength of these data, we speculate that high Twist expression may promote EMT by dysregulation of the E-cadherin expression pattern in ESCC. However, some patients with preserved E-cadherin expression had poor prognosis. In the preserved E-cadherin group, the patients were high for Twist expression had more lymphatic invasion and worse prognosis. Thus, it seems that Twist not only suppresses the function of E-cadherin but also promotes lymphatic invasion in the preserved E-cadherin group and several hypotheses might explain. Twist has been recently identified as a developmental gene with a key role in E-cadherin repression and EMT induction. Twist gene is also a newly-know potential oncogene and metastasis related gene [3, 21]. Twist can inhibit myc oncogene- and p53-dependent apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts [21] and NF-κB pathway dependent apoptosis [22]. It also suppresses cellular differentiation and protects apoptosis through inhibition of p21WAF1/Cip1, inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, via both p53-dependent and independent pathways [23]. Mesenchyme Forkhead 1 (FOXC2) which induced by Twist, Snail, Goosecoid and TGF-β1 plays a central role in promoting invasion and metastasis in human basal-like breast cancers [24].

73 m2) or mildly low (60 ≤GFR < 90 mL/min/1073 m2) and kidney damage (≈proteinuria) exists. There are two categories of CKD. One includes kidney disease in a narrow sense, which is indicated for renal biopsy such as kidney diseases caused by glomerulonephritis,

interstitial nephritis, Emricasan cost vasculitis, collagen disease, etc. The other includes other CKD associated primarily with lifestyle-related disease or aging. In a case of possible glomerulonephritis or kidney disorder related to collagen disease, an individual is referred without delay to nephrologists for establishing a diagnosis and initiating treatment of the primary disease. A patient with nephrotic syndrome or massive proteinuria needs prompt treatment by nephrologists. Lifestyle-related disease such as hypertension or diabetes is not always indicated for renal biopsy in most cases even though abnormal urinalysis persists. Primary care physicians play an important role for these diseases. They are required to treat the disease with a goal of preserving kidney function and reducing risk for CVD while fully intervening in lifestyle-related

disease. They AP26113 mouse collaborate with nephrologists as needed. CKD stages 3 and 4 Stage 3 represents mildly reduced kidney function (30 ≤ GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), while stage 4 represents severely reduced kidney function (15 ≤ GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). A stage 3 patient is treated in cooperation with nephrologists after consultation, while stage 4 is treated by nephrologists. Selleckchem Doramapimod At stage 3, progression to ESKD is accelerated and the risk for CVD development is significantly increased. An attending physician is careful about acute decline in kidney function caused

by nephrotoxic agents such as NSAIDs and certain antibiotics Rebamipide or by dehydration. The point of medical interview and physical examination for consultation on CKD History taking on a CKD patient (see the checklist) Past history: it is important to take a history of potential primary disease of CKD. If a patient does not mention this voluntarily, a physician asks by naming specific diseases including kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, urinary tract infection, especially reflux nephropathy due to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and atherosclerotic disease such as cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. If there is a history of these diseases, disease duration has to be confirmed. It is necessary to confirm if a patient has a history of chronic painful disease such as chronic headache, rheumatoid arthritis, and dysmenorrhea because these diseases have a connection with excessive analgesic use which may injure the kidney.

The viable cell counts were determined using serial dilutions and the drop-plate cell enumeration method [54]. All cultures were grown in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Deletion mutant generation E. coli K-12 MG1655 gene deletion mutants were constructed using the KEIO knock-out library, P1 transduction methods, and wild-type E. coli strain MG1655 [50, 51]. The Ipatasertib research buy strains were verified

using PCR and physiological studies. Statistical analysis of results Statistical significance was determined using p-values from unpaired T-tests of experimental and control samples. All error bars represent standard error of 3 to 8 replicates. Acknowledgements The study was funded by NIH grants EB006532 and P20 RR16455-08 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Supplementary culture data. This file contains supporting Quizartinib concentration planktonic and biofilm culture. (PDF 521 KB) References 1. Hoyle BD, Costerton JW: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: the role of biofilms. Prog Drug Res 1991, 37:91–105.PubMed 2. Stewart PS, Costerton JW: Antibiotic resistance of bacteria

in biofilms. Lancet 2001, 358:135–138.PubMedCrossRef 3. Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart learn more PS: Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44:1818–1824.PubMedCrossRef 4. Anderl JN, Zahller J, Roe R, Stewart PS: Role of nutrient limitation and stationary-phase existence in Klebsiella pneumonia biofilm resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:1251–1256.PubMedCrossRef 5. Dhar N, McKinney JD: Microbial phenotypic heterogeneity and antibiotic tolerance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007, 10:30–38.PubMedCrossRef 6. Levin BR, Rozen DE: Opinion – Non-inherited antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:556–562.PubMedCrossRef 7. Zheng Z, Stewart PS: Growth limitation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in biofilms contributes to rifampin tolerance. Biofilms 2004, 1:31–35.CrossRef 8. Mermel LA: Prevention of

intravenous catheter-related infections. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:391–402.PubMed 9. Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, Lumley T, Sullivan SD: Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection. Selleck Tenofovir J Am Med Assoc 1999, 281:261–267.CrossRef 10. McConnel SA, Gubbins PO, Anaissie EJ: Are antimicrobial‐impregnated catheters effective? Replace the water and grab your washcloth, because we have a baby to wash. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:1829–1833.CrossRef 11. McConnel SA, Gubbins PO, Anaissie EJ: Do antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters prevent catheter-related bloodstream infection? Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:65–72.CrossRef 12. Crnich CJ, Maki DG: Are antimicrobial impregnated catheters effective? When does repetition reach the point of exhaustion? Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:681–685.PubMedCrossRef 13.

Four patients with severe nephropathy (serum creatinine ≥2 mg/100 mL) were excluded. We also excluded patients with severe clinical conditions, such as hepatic disorders, CVD, impaired pulmonary function, pancreatopathy, buy Blebbistatin cancer, infectious diseases, external injury, and perioperative patients. We selected 47 patients matching the above criteria and all patients were enrolled as previously reported [19]. The patients had been undergoing stable treatment for at least 3 ABT-888 months before entering the study. Subjects’ prior α-GIs were switched to miglitol at

a dose of 50 mg/meal, and continued for 3 months. Anthropometric data were measured and blood samples collected from each patient before and 3 months after the switch to miglitol. Before and 3 months after the switch, subjects were questioned regarding abdominal distension, flatulence, and abnormalities of bowel function using a questionnaire consisting of a visual analog scale (VAS) from 1 to 10, with 1 indicating no problems in daily life and 10 indicating an inability to perform activities of daily living. Before and 3 months after the switch, each patient was asked by medical staff whether symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia, such as hand and foot trepidations and palpitations, had occurred at least once Selleck THZ1 or never during each 1-month period. The prescriptions for medications other than α-GIs including insulin units for patients were not changed Endonuclease during the trial. Among the

subjects, four patients dropped out during the trial. Overall, 43 patients completed the trial and were included in the analysis of the relationship between glucose fluctuation and inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in peripheral leukocytes, as previously reported [19]. Among the subjects

who completed the trial, we reanalyzed 35 patients because serum samples were missing from eight patients. All patients in the study provided informed consent for use of their personal and health information in our analysis. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. 2.2 Measurements Before and 3 months after the switch to miglitol, basic parameters in the morning following an overnight fast state were measured. Body heights and weights were measured using instruments (body heights: AD-6225A; body weight: AD6207A; A&D Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol (T-cho), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in blood samples with an auto-analyzer (7180; Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) using kits (TGL: M/PM; T-cho: L M/PM; HDL cholesterol [HDL-C]: L M/2-PM; CRP: LT-HS II; Wako Chemicals, Osaka, Japan). Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c were measured using instruments (fasting plasma glucose: GA-1171; HbA1c: HA8181; ARKRAY, Inc., Kyoto, Japan). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.

4% of the other MA isolates. Discussion Chlortetracycline alone and combined administration of chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine were selected as experimental treatments on the basis of their routine use in the Canadian feedlot industry.

These https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lgx818.html antimicrobials are used to improve feed efficiency and prevent foot rot, liver abscesses and respiratory disease. Virginiamycin was included in the study as an antibiotic to which neither the steers nor their dams would have had prior exposure, given find protocol that it is not registered for use in cattle in Canada. Resistance to amikacin, ceftriaxone (64 μg/ml), cefoxitin or nalidixic acid was not detected in any of the 531 E. coli isolates examined. Other researchers of E. coli from Canadian beef cattle have

also reported the absence of resistance to these antibiotics [30] or, when resistance to nalidixic acid was found, it occurred in fewer than 2% of isolates studied Selleck Selonsertib [31]. In the present study, the absence of resistance to these antibiotics in gut flora may be related to sole-source acquisition of the calves, and to the complete absence of antibiotic use prior to their arrival at the feedlot. Furthermore, our research feedlot had been constructed just prior to commencement of this experiment, thus there was no history of prior administration of subtherapeutic antibiotics at this site. Our results and those of others [30, 31] contrast with those of Hoyle et al. [32], who reported that all calves from a Scottish beef farm were found to shed nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli at least once during a 21-wk study. Comparisons of AMR E. coli from steers in CON vs. T, TS and V groups suggests that subtherapeutic administration of these antimicrobials had only a limited impact on the nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli resident in these cattle. The resistances observed most commonly among these E. coli isolates were to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin, which is consistent Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) with the findings

of other Canadian beef researchers [30, 31, 33]. In general, the antibiogram type and temporal point of isolation were more similar between isolates from CON and V groups than from those in T or TS. Virginiamycin, a streptogramin, that primarily targets Gram-positive bacteria [34], and appears to have had minimal influence on the nature of AMR in the non-target E. coli isolates obtained in this study. Similarly, dietary inclusion of monensin, another antibiotic that targets Gram-positive bacteria, also did not alter the nature of AMR E. coli isolated from beef cattle [35]. These results suggest that antimicrobial suppression of Gram-positive bacteria does not give rise to unoccupied microbial niches that are filled via AMR E. coli. Despite the fact that the E.

The emission energy of the excited CdSe quantum dot near the silver nanowire could couple to guided surface plasmons in the

nanowire [1]. Especially, in the optical properties, this type of nanocomposite has attracted LY411575 in vitro great scientific interest [11]. It is just the complexity of the interaction; different factors, including composition, size, and geometry of the nanostructures; and the distance between nanostructures that provide the challenge for quantifiable research and the mechanism achievement of a new phenomenon [12]. So, the preparation and synthesis of uniform nanomaterials in terms of morphology and structure provide the important precondition for the further study of material properties. As a narrow bandgap semiconductor (approximately 0.32 eV, at 300 K), lead telluride (PbTe) has been extensively studied and used in optical detectors [13], laser devices [14, 15], and thermoelectrics [16, 17]. Compared to other semiconductor materials, low-dimensional PbTe semiconductors could more Epacadostat ic50 easily show the obvious quantum size effect on larger scales because of the larger Bohr exciton radius (approximately 46 nm). So, 1D PbTe nanomaterials have attracted intense scientific attention in recent years and have been synthesized by a variety of physical and chemical techniques [16–22].

The solution-based chemical synthesis and chemical vapor deposition have been usually utilized to synthesize single-crystalline PbTe nanowires, and the conventional electrical property Defactinib concentration measurement of PbTe nanowires has been achieved [16, 23]. However, less attention has been paid to the preparation and unique property

study of 1D PbTe-based nanocomposites at present. In this paper, we first electrodeposited the nanostructure arrays made of a uniform PbTe/Pb nanostructure in size and composition. Then, the regular PbTe/Pb nanostructure arrays and the synthesized Zn x Mn1−x S nanoparticles were assembled to construct a PbTe-based nanocomposite. The photoelectric property measurements of the material were also performed in situ along with the assembly process of the nanocomposite. The measurement results showed that the photoelectric performance of the PbTe/Pb-based nanocomposite had an obvious improvement compared to that of the individual PbTe/Pb nanomaterial. The improved performance of the nanocomposite could originate from the synergistic effect brought by the incident light Pembrolizumab clinical trial and exciting light of the nanoparticles. The underlying mechanism shows that the light-use efficiency (LUE) of the PbTe/Pb-based nanocomposite had an obvious increase compared to that of the PbTe/Pb nanomaterial. Methods Synthesis of nanostructure arrays by electrodeposition In our experiments, the regular PbTe/Pb nanostructure arrays were electrodeposited on a silicon (110) wafer. The electrodeposition process was achieved in a few hundred-nanometer- thick electrolyte layer, which was controlled with an ultrathin electrochemical deposition setup [24].

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ZL: Field-effect transistors based on single semiconducting oxide nanobelts. J Phys Chem B 2003, 107:659–663.CrossRef 5. Huang MH, Mao S, Feick H, Yan H, Wu Y, Kind H, Weber E, Russo R, Yang P: Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science 2001, 292:1897–1899.CrossRef 6. Liu C, Zapien JA, Yao Y, Meng X, Lee CS, Fan S, Lifshitz Y, Lee ST: High-density, ordered ultraviolet light-emitting AZD1480 ZnO nanowire arrays. Adv Mater 2003, 15:838–841.CrossRef 7. Bai XD, Wang EG, Gao PX, Wang ZL: Measuring the work function at a nanobelt tip and at a nanoparticle surface. Nano Lett 2003, 3:1147–1150.CrossRef 8. Yi GC, Wang C, Park WII: ZnO nanorods: synthesis, characterization and applications. Semicond Sci Technol 2005, 20:22.CrossRef 9. Li L, Zhai T, Zeng H, Fang X, Bando Y, Golberg D: Polystyrene sphere-assisted one-dimensional nanostructure arrays: synthesis and applications. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:40–56.CrossRef 10. Ramírez D, Gómez H, Lincot D: Polystyrene sphere monolayer assisted electrochemical deposition of ZnO Luminespib nanorods with controlable surface density. Electrochim Acta 2010, 55:2191–2195.CrossRef 11. Wagner RS, Ellis WC: The vapor–liquid–solid mechanism of crystal growth and its application to silicon.

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Rybczynski J, Banerjee D, Kosiorek A, Giersig M, Ren ZF: Formation of super arrays of periodic nanoparticles and aligned ZnO nanorods - simulation and experiments. Nano Lett 2004, 4:2037–2040.CrossRef 17. Banerjee D, Rybczynski J, Huang JY, Wang DZ, Dempa D, Ren ZF: Large hexagonal arrays of aligned ZnO nanorods. Appl Phys A 2005, 80:749–752.CrossRef 18. Song J, Wang X, Riedo E, Wang ZL: Systematic study on experimental conditions for large-scale growth of aligned ZnO nanowires on nitrides. J Phys Chem B 2005, 109:9869–9872.CrossRef 19. Wang XD, Song JH, Li P, Ryou JH, Dupuis RD, Summers CJ, Wang ZL: Growth of uniformly aligned ZnO nanowire heterojunction arrays on GaN, AlN, and Al0.5Ga0.5N Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:7920–7923.CrossRef 20.